庄园概况
塔顿公园位于英格兰柴郡的克努茨福德镇 (Knutsford) 以北约一公里处,占地约二千英亩,其中约一千英亩对公众开放。庄园由一座新古典主义大宅塔顿府 (Tatton Hall)、一座都铎式旧宅塔顿旧宅 (Tatton Old Hall)、约五十英亩的花园、一座稀有品种农场 (Tatton Park Home Farm,约四十英亩) 以及一片鹿园组成,每年接待逾八十万名访客,承办逾一百场活动。塔顿公园是英国国家信托 (National Trust) 持有的产业,由柴郡东部议会 (Cheshire East Council) 承租运营,日常开放按季节分段售票。
历史沿革
塔顿这片土地在新石器时代就有人类活动的痕迹,中世纪也曾有过村庄,如今的旧村遗址被列为英国登录古迹。十五世纪末,斯坦利家族在此建起旧宅,到十五世纪八十年代由布里尔顿家族继承;1598 年,时任英格兰大法官托马斯·埃杰顿爵士从他同父异母的妹妹手中买下庄园。十七世纪末,托马斯·埃杰顿的孙子约翰·埃杰顿在现址以东约一公里处另建新宅,塔顿府于 1716 年前后完工;1770 年代到 1816 年间,老宅被建筑师塞缪尔·怀亚特与其侄刘易斯·威廉·怀亚特陆续拆除重建为今天所见的意大利新古典主义大宅。1958 年,塔顿最后一位埃杰顿男爵莫里斯·埃杰顿 (Maurice Egerton,第四代也是末代 Egerton of Tatton 男爵) 无嗣而终,在遗嘱中将庄园遗赠给国家信托;同年,园方与柴郡郡议会签订长期租约负责管理运营,2009 年柴郡东部议会成立后,运营权移交到新议会,一直延续至今。
花园与庄园格局
塔顿的园林由英国风景园林师汉弗莱·雷普顿 (Humphrey Repton) 主持设计,大宅南侧的意大利花园由约瑟夫·帕克斯顿 (Joseph Paxton) 设计、爱德华·米尔纳 (Edward Milner) 于 1847 年实施,分两层台地,以海神尼普顿雕像为中心。围墙内的厨房花园在二十一世纪初修复,按爱德华时代塔顿的种植品类恢复果树与蔬菜;再往东是温室、蕨类馆与展览馆。厨房花园之外的”游赏园”沿着宽阔步道 (Broad Walk) 两侧布置,有夏洛特花园、塔柏园、玫瑰园、塔楼园、迷宫和水蛭池;西南角的树木园种植了二百八十一种植物;树木园与步道南端之间是建于 1910 年代的日本庭园,内有神社、茶屋和金水溪上的小桥,堆土仿建为富士山。1986 年意大利花园按帕克斯顿原设计修复,二十一世纪初围墙花园和日本庭园也相继完成修复。
建筑、保护与战时记忆
塔顿府被英格兰遗产委员会列为 I 级登录建筑,塔顿旧宅、克努茨福德门楼 (Knutsford Lodge Gateway and Gates) 同为 II* 级,罗斯瑟恩门楼 (Rostherne Lodge) 为 II 级;整片园林被列入英格兰历史园林特别兴趣登记册 II* 级。庄园还是英格兰历史建筑协会 (Historic Houses Association) 的成员。二战期间,RAF 第一伞降训练学校 (No.1 Parachute Training School RAF) 在 1940 年至 1946 年间,以塔顿鹿园上空为跳伞训练场,先后培训了来自英国与多个欧洲国家的约六万名伞兵,其中包括若干执行敌后任务时被空投到欧洲占领区的特工;降落区西北角至今立有一座独立的石质纪念碑。
现况与对外服务
塔顿公园是英国皇家园艺学会 (RHS) 自 1999 年起在英格兰西北部举办的年度花展——塔顿公园花展 (RHS Flower Show at Tatton Park) 的固定主办场地,园内常年举办园艺体验、家庭活动、农场稀有品种保育 (含塔姆沃斯猪、红短角牛、莱斯特长毛羊等) 与柴郡本地农产品市集;鹿园自 1290 年皇家特许设立,目前保有四百头马鹿与黇鹿育种群,放养希布里底羊与索艾羊两类稀有羊种;两片湖水分别为天然湖塔顿米尔和 1920 年代因沉降形成的人工湖梅尔切特米尔,均为英国特别生态试验地和拉姆萨尔湿地。塔顿公园慈善信托 (Tatton Park Charitable Trust,英国慈善委员会注册号 1111357) 于 2006 年通过拍卖 M1 车牌使用权筹集首笔资金,持续向公众募集资金支持庄园保育。
Estate Overview
Tatton Park lies about a mile north of Knutsford in Cheshire, in the north-west of England. It covers some 2,000 acres, around half of which is open to visitors. The estate groups a neoclassical main house (Tatton Hall), a Tudor-era manor (Tatton Old Hall), about 50 acres of gardens, a rare-breed Home Farm of around 40 acres and a deer park. It welcomes more than 800,000 visits a year and hosts over 100 events. The estate is owned by the National Trust and is leased to Cheshire East Council, which runs day-to-day operations and seasonal ticketed entry to the mansion, gardens, farm and parkland.
History
People have occupied the Tatton area since the Stone Age, and a medieval village once stood on the estate; the deserted village earthworks are now a scheduled monument. In the late 15th century the Stanley family built the Old Hall, which by the 1580s had passed to the Brereton family. In 1598 Sir Thomas Egerton, Lord Chancellor of England, bought the estate from his half-sister Dorothy Brereton. His grandson John Egerton built a new house, completed around 1716, and between the 1770s and 1816 the architect Samuel Wyatt and his nephew Lewis William Wyatt replaced much of it with the present neoclassical mansion. The estate passed through the Egerton family until 1958 when Maurice Egerton, 4th and last Baron Egerton of Tatton, died without heirs and bequeathed it to the National Trust. A lease with Cheshire County Council, signed in the same year, took on the management role; that role passed to the new Cheshire East Council on 1 April 2009 and continues today.
Gardens and Parkland Layout
The landscape was designed by the English gardener Humphrey Repton. The Italian Garden to the south-east of the house was designed by Joseph Paxton and laid out by Edward Milner in 1847; it is laid out on two terraces and centres on a statue of the god Neptune. The Walled Garden beside the stable yard, restored in the 2000s, grows heritage fruit and vegetable varieties known to have been grown in the Edwardian era; next to it stand a Conservatory, Fernery and Showhouse. Beyond lies the Pleasure Gardens on both sides of the Broad Walk, including Charlotte’s Garden, the Topiary, the Rose Garden, the Tower Garden, a Maze and the Leech Pool. At the south-west end is an Arboretum of 281 species, and between it and the south end of the Broad Walk sits the Japanese Garden of the 1910s, with a Shinto shrine, a tea house, a bridge over the Golden Brook and a mound built to echo Mount Fuji. The Italian Garden was restored to Paxton’s original design in 1986, with the Walled Garden and Japanese Garden restored in the 2000s.
Architecture, Designation and Wartime Role
Tatton Hall is a Grade I listed building; the Old Hall, Knutsford Lodge Gateway and Gates are Grade II*; Rostherne Lodge is Grade II. The whole parkland is listed at Grade II* on the Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England, and the estate is a member of the Historic Houses Association. During the Second World War, the RAF’s No.1 Parachute Training School used the parkland from 1940 to 1946 as a training area. Some 60,000 trainees from the United Kingdom and several European countries, including special agents bound for occupied territory, made their first jumps over the park, first from balloons suspended above the open ground and later from aircraft of RAF Ringway. A free-standing stone memorial stands at the north-west edge of the dropping zone. In 2014 the company received VisitEngland’s Large Visitor Attraction of the Year award.
Current Operations
Since 1999 Tatton Park has been the fixed venue of the RHS Flower Show at Tatton Park, the Royal Horticultural Society’s annual show for the north-west of England. Day-to-day it runs garden experiences, family events, the rare-breed farm (Tamworth pigs, Red Poll cattle, Leicester Longwool sheep, Hebridean and Soay sheep among them) and a local-produce market. The deer park dates from a royal charter of 1290 and currently holds about 400 breeding red deer and fallow deer. The two meres, Tatton Mere (natural) and Melchett Mere (formed by subsidence in the 1920s), are Sites of Special Scientific Interest and Ramsar wetland sites. The Tatton Park Charitable Trust (Charity Commission registration 1111357), whose first funds came from the 2006 auction of the right to use the M1 car registration, continues to raise money for the estate’s conservation.
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