美国 波特兰华盛顿公园 Washington Park – 波特兰市内规模最大的城市公园

历史沿革

华盛顿公园位于美国俄勒冈州波特兰市中心以西约 3 公里处，是波特兰市内规模最大的城市公园。1871 年，波特兰市议会以 32,624 美元从 Amos King 手中购入 40.78 英亩的荒地，命名为 City Park；当时园内灌木丛生、偶尔还有美洲狮出没。到了 19 世纪 80 年代中期，公园看守人 Charles M. Meyers 按自己对德国与欧洲园林的记忆把园区整修出道路、步道、修剪过的草坪和花圃，并修建了第一座小动物园。1890 年代开通的缆车一直运行到 1930 年代。1903 年，著名景观设计师 John Charles Olmsted 提出改造建议，包括把园名改为 Washington Park；1909 年这一更名被正式采纳。

园区景观与核心景点

整座公园占地超过 458 英亩，从 24th 与 West Burnside 路口海拔约 200 英尺一直延伸到 SW Fairview Boulevard 一带海拔约 870 英尺的陡峭林地，241.45 英亩被划定为正式的 Washington Park，加上 64 英亩的俄勒冈动物园和 153 英亩的霍伊特树木园。园内包含 Oregon Zoo（1888 年建立，1959 年迁至公园南端现址）、World Forestry Center（1971 年开放的林业博物馆）、Hoyt Arboretum、International Rose Test Garden 与 Portland Japanese Garden 等主要节点。公园还设有露天剧场、射箭场、网球场、足球场、野餐区、游乐场和数英里穿行于林间的步道。游客可以搭乘 TriMet MAX 蓝线或红线在 Washington Park Station 下车，免费班车会在 MAX 站与各主要景点之间循环。

标志性专类园

国际玫瑰试验园是全美历史最悠久、持续运营的官方公共玫瑰试验园，1917 年开放、1924 年正式命名，园内汇集了 10,000 多株、650 多个品种的玫瑰，还包含一座莎士比亚园和一处高山花园与之相邻。波特兰日本庭园于 1967 年在原动物园旧址上建成，占地 9.1 英亩，2013 年被《The Journal of Japanese Gardening》评为北美 300 多座日本庭园之首。霍伊特树木园于 1928 年在原 Multnomah 县济贫院的 160 英亩农地上建立，现种植着近 6,000 株、超过 2,000 个树种和灌木品种的活体收藏；园内 12 英里长的步道是华盛顿公园步道系统的核心。2010 年开放的喜马拉雅云雾花园占地 3 英亩，集中展示 200 多个原产于中国-喜马拉雅地区的杜鹃花属植物及伴生植物。

游客导览与公共服务

华盛顿公园每日 5:00 至 22:00 开放，Explore Washington Park 访客中心在旺季每天 10:00 至 16:00 提供信息咨询、地图和行程规划。公园本身免费开放，多数花园、步道、纪念区和公共空间全年免费，但部分景点单独收取门票并对符合条件的游客提供折扣项目，例如波特兰日本庭园参加 Arts for All 计划，SNAP 持卡人可购买 5 美元一张的成人票。园内停车采取计时与日收费，停车场收入用于支付园区交通与游客服务。访客可搭乘 TriMet MAX 蓝线或红线直达 Washington Park Station，也有多条公交线路经过公园周边。

运营机构与未来规划

华盛顿公园由波特兰公园与娱乐局（Portland Parks & Recreation）负责日常运营和维护；2018 年 3 月 15 日，波特兰市议会通过了一项为期 20 年的总体规划，旨在改善园区内部交通与无障碍设施，并对树木园等核心景观进行升级。从 2016 年起，市政府投入 6,700 万美元对两座建于 1890 年代的地上饮用水水库进行改造，2026 年完工：上水库被替换为带反射水池的抗震地下水库，下水库则被改造为野生动植物栖息地、生物滞留池和反射水池。整个项目引发了历史保护组织和周边居民对施工影响的关注，最终方案在保留原有公园格局的前提下完成了联邦政府要求的储水设施全覆盖。

Historical Evolution

Washington Park lies about 3 km west of downtown Portland and is the city’s largest urban park. In 1871, the City of Portland purchased 40.78 acres of wilderness from Amos King for $32,624 and named the tract City Park. In the mid-1880s, park keeper Charles M. Meyers, a former seaman with no formal landscape training, reshaped the grounds by drawing on memories of parks in his native Germany, adding roads, trails, manicured lawns and flower beds. Cable cars ran through the park from 1890 to the 1930s. In 1903, John Charles Olmsted of the Olmsted Brothers firm proposed extensive changes, including renaming the park, and in 1909 the City Council officially adopted the name Washington Park.

Park Landscape and Key Attractions

The park covers more than 458 acres of steep, wooded hillsides that climb from about 200 feet (61 m) at SW 24th & West Burnside to roughly 870 feet (270 m) along SW Fairview Boulevard. This includes 241.45 acres formally designated as Washington Park, the 64-acre Oregon Zoo, and the 153-acre Hoyt Arboretum. Within its boundaries sit the Oregon Zoo (founded in 1888 and relocated to its current southern edge in 1959), the World Forestry Center (opened 1971), the Hoyt Arboretum, the International Rose Test Garden and the Portland Japanese Garden. The park also offers an amphitheatre, archery range, tennis courts, soccer field, picnic areas, playgrounds, and many miles of trails through native forest. TriMet’s MAX Blue and Red Lines serve the Washington Park station, and a free shuttle connects the MAX stop with the park’s main attractions.

Signature Specialty Gardens

The International Rose Test Garden, opened in 1917 and formally dedicated in 1924, is the oldest official, continuously operated public rose test garden in the United States. It displays more than 10,000 rose plants of more than 650 varieties, alongside a Shakespeare garden, an alpine garden, and a small oval “secret garden”. The Portland Japanese Garden opened in 1967 on the former zoo site; its 9.1 acres were rated the top Japanese garden in North America among more than 300 gardens by The Journal of Japanese Gardening in 2013. Hoyt Arboretum was established in 1928 on 160 acres of the former Multnomah County Poor Farm and now holds nearly 6,000 individual trees and shrubs of more than 2,000 species on 153 acres, including 12 miles of trails. The Himalayan Cloud Forest Garden, opened in 2010 on a 3-acre site in Stearns Canyon, features more than 200 rhododendron species and companion plants from the Sino-Himalayan region.

Visitor Services and Public Access

Washington Park is open daily from 5:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. Explore Washington Park visitor services are available from 10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. during the busy season, with information booths, trip-planning help, and maps. Park entry is free and most gardens, trails, memorials, and public spaces remain free year-round; a few attractions charge admission and each offers discounted programs for qualifying visitors, such as the Arts for All SNAP program at the Portland Japanese Garden. Parking inside the park is paid, with hourly and daily rates that support transportation and visitor services. TriMet MAX Blue and Red Lines stop at Washington Park Station, and several bus routes also serve the park.

Operator and Future Plans

The park is operated by Portland Parks & Recreation. On March 15, 2018, the Portland City Council adopted a 20-year master plan to guide future development, with priorities including improved internal transportation, accessibility upgrades, and enhancements to the arboretum and other core landscapes. Beginning in 2016, the city invested $67 million to replace two outdoor drinking-water reservoirs originally built in the 1890s; the upper reservoir was rebuilt as a seismically reinforced underground reservoir beneath a reflecting pool, and the lower reservoir was converted into a wildlife habitat with a bioswale and reflecting pool. The project, completed in 2026, met a federal mandate to cover all reservoirs while preserving the park’s overall layout, although it drew opposition from historical preservationists and nearby residents during construction.

相关文章：

美国 华盛顿公园树木园 Washington Park Arboretum – 以自然式园林空间为主的城市植物园 马来西亚槟城国家公园 Penang City Park – 专业园艺服务机构 美国 半岛公园玫瑰花园友邻会 – 波特兰百年公共玫瑰园 美国 波特兰Hoyt树木园之友 – 园内三大国家认证收藏分别为针叶树、槭树和木兰 加拿大 哈特利公园 Hatley Park – 以国家历史遗址身份保存其建筑、园艺与教育价值 美国 纽约布鲁克林植物园 – 植物迁地保护与科普基地 美国 Balboa公园 Balboa Park – 专业园艺服务机构 美国 西雅图 Highline 植物园 – 海塔克机场遗产保护植物园