比利时 范比尔维德公园 Park van Beervelde – 五代伯爵私有城堡园林

从 1873 年英式景观花园到 1995 年文物保护区

范比尔维德公园（Park van Beervelde）位于比利时东佛兰德省根特东南的 Lochristi 市镇 Beervelde 村，占地 25 公顷（约 62 英亩），是一座仍在 Kerchove de Denterghem 家族手中的私有城堡园林。1872 年岳母 Thérèse de Limon 去世后，Charles de Kerchove de Denterghem（1819-1882，第二代伯爵）与夫人 Eugénie de Limon de Steenbrugghe（1824-1899）继承了 Beervelde 大片农地与一栋破旧的乡间宅邸。Charles 与 Eugénie 在旧宅旁另建新堡，并委托布鲁塞尔景观建筑师、德裔 Louis Fuchs（1818-1904）将周围的田地与林地改造成一座英式景观公园（English landscape park）。Fuchs 在 1870 年与建筑师 Théophile Bureau（1827-1884）合作完成 Kerchove 家族根特冬季花园的基础上延续合作，使 Beervelde 的施工于 1873 年顺利落成。1939 年 Charles 第五代伯爵之子 Renaud 主持维护园务，1995 年起整座园林被列为比利时文物古迹保护区，今天仍由同一家族打理，并配合每年 5 月中旬与 10 月中旬举办的「比尔维德花园日」（Tuindagen van Beervelde）维护日常。

英式景观风格与「一切人造，必似天生」的造园法则

Beervelde 公园的设计基本思想，是把人们理想自然景观里会想看到的元素，集中收纳在一块相对有限的用地之中：浪漫的远景、起伏的草地、林间空地的错觉、蜿蜒的小路、不规则的水景、桥梁、童话式的建筑等等。基本造园法则是「一切人造，必似天生」（Everything is manmade, but it must appear to be natural）——园中丘陵是开挖人工湖堆出来的土方，溪流在草甸间蜿蜒，远处的湖心岛镶嵌在视线尽头，林地的修剪也都遵循「让工人所做的工作隐于无形」这一规则。林地部分尤其讲究 woodland gardening 的手法，借助密集却隐形的抚育，营造出林缘、林窗、林下多种生境，让四月份的黄水仙与 stins 植物、五月份的古老根特杜鹃（Hardy Ghent azaleas / pontica hybrids）能够按花期轮替上演。园中目前仍保留三种主要建筑：旧堡基址上 1950 年代新建的别墅、保留都铎风格的马厩改建的 Koetshuis 接待厅，以及一处被猜测为泳池屋或景观「障眼」建筑的小亭（Pavilion）。

Roger Raveel 地下室壁画与根特骄傲的古老杜鹃

1966-67 年间，第五代 Charles 伯爵的次子、当时还是少年的 Renaud 想在二战后被拆除的旧堡地下室里为自己留一间「私人空间」，Charles 伯爵在布鲁塞尔看展时结识比利时艺术家 Roger Raveel，于是把这几段走廊提供给 Raveel 创作。Raveel 邀来 Raoul De Keyser、Etienne Elias 与荷兰同行 Reinier Lucassen 四人合作，把地下室走廊改成一件三维作品：白方块、镜面错位、戴帽子的男人这些 Raveel 标志元素齐全，主厅里还能看到他对根特圣巴沃大教堂《根特祭坛画》的那幅戏仿。地下室壁画现接受 15 人一组、需讲解员带领的预约参观，每组 1 小时。植物方面，Kerchove 家族与根特花艺传统的渊源更长——19 世纪末几乎一直由家族成员担任 Royal Society for Agriculture and Botany 主席；当时为家族命名的杜鹃品种如 ‘Mademoiselle Louise de Kerchove’ 与 ‘Président Comte Oswald de Kerchove’ 在花展上屡获金奖，根特 Azalea Indica（Rhododendron simsii）这一类群也因 Kerchove 家族的推动而享誉欧洲。

Tuindagen van Beervelde 与欧洲三大花园日之一

Beervelde 之所以对外开放，最早的契机是现任园主 Renaud 在 1980 年代巴黎附近 Courson 庄园受 Fustier 家族自 1982 年起办的 Journées des Plantes 启发，认定这座私家园林要长期维护，必须配套举办有经济效益的花园展。1990 年代起，比尔维德花园日每年分春、秋两届（5 月中旬与 10 月中旬，各 3 天）面向公众开放，迄今固定保持约 240 家参展商与超过 twenty thousand 名访客的规模，被欧洲园艺爱好者视为大陆三大花园日之一。参展内容覆盖观赏苗木、园艺装饰、园艺古董、儿童活动、工作坊与本地特色农产品；访客凭门票可以搭乘免费手推车、把孩子寄放在植物托儿所（Plantencrèche）、现金取款，停车场则设在 Beerveldse Baan 旁的大草坪上，对轮椅与婴儿车都开放。园区在 E17 高速 11 号 Beervelde 出口下，经 Lochristi 转 Beerveldse Baan 可达，从根特走 R4 环城亦可抵达；最近的 NMBS 火车站距入口仅约 650 米，根特圣彼得站可乘 35 或 77 路公交。

王室伯爵家族与一座仍在家族手中的活态遗产

公园从 Charles 与 Eugénie 开始，已传承五代到现任园主 Renaud 伯爵与夫人 Valérie 手中。中间几位关键人物包括第三代长子 Oswald de Kerchove de Denterghem（1844-1906），他既是根特政坛显要，也是真正的植物学家——尽管学法律出身，却著有多部棕榈与兰花专著，并深受普克勒-穆斯考亲王景观思想影响，主导了屋前对称、余部自然的混合式风格。第四代 André（1885-1945）经历战乱，1945 年辞世后，Beervelde 城堡由其夫人持守，二战时虽未坍塌，但因近万立方米 体量与维护成本过高，最终在战后被拆除，并在原堡基址上盖起一座更朴素的乡间别墅，保留了地下室供 Raveel 后来创作。今天，公园依然是 Kerchove 家族私产，婚礼、企业活动、摄影棚租用与花园日是它面向公众的四个主要接口；它把一处 1873 年的英式景观花园、一组 1966-67 年由 Roger Raveel 主持的现代艺术壁画、一项欧洲级别的花园展，以及五代家族对一个老根特花艺传统的接力，叠合在同一片 25 公顷的绿地之上。

From the 1873 English Landscape Garden to the 1995 Heritage Protection

Park van Beervelde is a 25 hectare (about 62 acre) private castle park at Beervelde-Dorp in the municipality of Lochristi, just southeast of Ghent in the Belgian province of East Flanders, and it is still in the hands of the Kerchove de Denterghem family. After his mother-in-law Thérèse de Limon died in 1872, Charles de Kerchove de Denterghem (1819-1882), the second Count, and his wife Eugénie de Limon de Steenbrugghe (1824-1899) inherited the extensive farmland and a dilapidated country seat at Beervelde. They built a new and larger castle next to the old one and asked Louis Fuchs (1818-1904), the German-born Brussels landscape architect, to transform the surrounding fields and woods into an English landscape park. The project drew on the partnership Fuchs had built with architect Théophile Bureau (1827-1884) when they completed the legendary Ghent winter garden for the Kerchove family in 1870. Construction ran through to 1873. Charles’ second son Renaud has managed the domain since 1939, the park has been protected as a monument since 1995, and it is still maintained today by the same family in support of the internationally renowned Beervelde Garden Days (Tuindagen van Beervelde) that take place each May and October.

An English Landscape Style Under the Rule of Manmade That Looks Natural

The basic idea of the design is to gather, on a relatively small piece of land, all the elements one would want to see in an ideal landscape: romantic views, gently rolling meadows, the illusion of a clearing in a forest, winding paths, irregular water, bridges and fairy tale buildings. The rule the designers followed is “Everything is manmade, but it must appear to be natural.” The rolling terrain is built from the spoil excavated when the lakes were dug, a stream meanders through the meadows, a wooded island sits in the lake in the middle distance, and the work that is done in the woods must remain invisible to the visitor. This woodland gardening approach has produced, in a small place, a surprising range of biotopes that come into flower in succession: stins plants such as daffodils and many woodland species in April, and the historically important hardy Ghent azaleas (pontica hybrids) in May. The estate today still keeps three signature buildings: the 1950s country house on the old castle foundations, the Tudor-style former Coach House (Koetshuis) used for receptions and weddings, and a small pavilion that visitors still wonder about and that documents suggest was meant more as a landscape eye-catcher than a service building.

Roger Raveel Cellar Murals and the Ghent Azalea Tradition

In 1966-67 the teenage Renaud, second son of the fifth Count Charles, wanted a place of his own in the cellars of the old castle that had been demolished after World War II. A visit by his father to a Brussels exhibition gave him the idea of opening those corridors to the Belgian artist Roger Raveel. Raveel, joined by Raoul De Keyser, Etienne Elias and the Dutch painter Reinier Lucassen, turned the underground passages into a three-dimensional work of art that is now considered one of his masterpieces and the most complete work in his oeuvre. All the typical Raveel elements are there: the white square, mirrors that play with the visitor’s perception, the man with cap, and a Raveelian interpretation of the Ghent Altarpiece as a nod to the Van Eyck brothers’ panel in St Bavo’s Cathedral. The cellars can only be visited by guided tour, in groups of up to 15 people and for around one hour. The plant side of the family story runs deeper still. Since 1875 the Kerchoves have held, almost continuously, the presidency of the Royal Society for Agriculture and Botany, the founder of the five-yearly Ghent Flower Show. Late 19th century varieties of the Azalea Indica (Rhododendron simsii) such as ‘Mademoiselle Louise de Kerchove’ and ‘Président Comte Oswald de Kerchove’ are still named after members of the family.

The Beervelde Garden Days and 240 Exhibitors

Opening the park to the public at all was the idea of the present owner Count Renaud, who took his inspiration from the Fustier family’s Journées des Plantes at the Courson estate near Paris, which had been running since 1982. From the 1990s on, the Beervelde Garden Days have been held twice a year, on three days each in mid-May and mid-October, with around 240 exhibitors and more than twenty thousand visitors per edition, putting the event among the three leading garden fairs on the European continent. The exhibitor mix covers ornamental plants, garden decoration, garden antiques, children’s activities, workshops and regional food. Practical services on site include wheelbarrow hire, a Plantencrèche where purchases can be left and collected near the exit, an ATM and a free car park on the meadows alongside Beerveldse Baan. The paths are surfaced and accessible to wheelchairs and pushchairs. The estate is reached from the E17 motorway exit 11 (Beervelde), then via Lochristi and Beerveldse Baan; the R4 ring road around Ghent also reaches the same road, and the nearest NMBS station is only about 650 m from the entrance, served from Gent-Sint-Pieters by De Lijn buses 35 and 77.

A Count Family Domain and a Living Heritage Site

From Charles and Eugénie onward the domain has passed through five generations to the present Count Renaud and Countess Valérie. Three figures stand out. The eldest son of the second Count, Oswald de Kerchove de Denterghem (1844-1906), combined a political career with serious botanical work. Although he trained as a lawyer, he is best remembered for his books on palms and orchids, and he was a follower of Prince Hermann Pückler-Muskau’s mixed style of a symmetrical area near the house and a freer composition over the rest of the domain. The fourth-generation André (1885-1945) inherited the castle after his mother’s death in 1918, but the building, which had survived the Second World War, did not survive the peace: with a volume of nearly ten thousand cubic metres and costly picturesque detailing, it was demolished after the war and a more practical country house was put up on the foundations in 1950. It was those very foundations that Roger Raveel painted in 1966-67. Today the park is still a private family estate, and weddings, corporate events, photo shoots and the Garden Days are the four ways the public can meet it. It is, in a single 25 hectare site, an 1873 English landscape park, a 1966-67 modern art ensemble, a continental garden fair and a five-generation family stewardship of the Ghent horticultural tradition.

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