法国布列斯特国家植物学院 – 世界上第一座专门保护濒危植物的迁地保育机构

历史沿革

法国布列斯特国家植物学院（Conservatoire botanique national de Brest，简称 CBNB）成立于 1975 年，由布列塔尼苗圃世家出身的 Jean‑Yves Lesouëf 倡议建立，并得到布列塔尼自然保护协会 Bretagne Vivante、布雷斯特市政府与法国环境部的联合支持。Lesouëf 在 1974 年提出设想时，野生动物迁地保护已有欧洲野牛等先例，他将这一思路应用到植物上，希望给濒临灭绝的野生植物建立一个专门的”急救系统”。最初的园址位于布列斯特 Stang‑Alar 河谷，1890 年代曾是有水芹和鳟鱼的溪流谷地，1931 至 1966 年被采石场开采，1966 年后沦为非法垃圾场；布雷斯特城市共同体 1974 年购入这块土地，决定将其改造为首座大型城市绿地，并于 1975 年起把河谷下段交由植物学院使用。

机构任务与活动范围

CBNB 是一家具有科学和技术属性的公共机构（établissement public à caractère scientifique et technique），主要任务有三：摸清野生植物与自然环境的本底数据；保护受威胁的植物与栖息地；为政府决策、自然保护区管理和公众教育提供专业支撑。经法国国家授权，植物学院在西法 12 个省份、3 个大区开展业务，覆盖 Calvados、Côtes‑d’Armor、Finistère、Ille‑et‑Vilaine、Loire‑Atlantique、Maine‑et‑Loire、Manche、Mayenne、Morbihan、Orne、Sarthe 与 Vendée，合计约 76 879 平方公里、4 588 个市镇。这一范围的主体位于阿摩里卡地块（Massif armoricain），气候与生境相对一致，构成了法国本土最完整的调查网络之一。

园区与植物收藏

园区建在 Stang‑Alar 河谷一处 30 公顷、长约 1.5 公里的狭长地块上，由微气候保护的深谷、采石场遗留的高崖与溪流串联而成，每年接待约 40 万游客，被列入法国”Jardin remarquable”（卓越花园）名录。活体收藏合计 4 847 个分类群，其中 1 813 个被世界自然保护联盟（UICN）红色名录列为受威胁等级，61 个已在野外灭绝，是全球规模最大的濒危植物活体收藏之一。1 000 平方米的热带温室分成湿润热带山地、亚热带海洋岛屿、干热带与湿润热带森林四个生境区，约 200 个分类群中 95% 处于濒危状态，其中部分物种如 Cylindrocline lorencei 只在温室里仍可见到。

出版物与数据系统

植物学院自创立之初便持续发行年报，并办有学术性刊物 Erica（涵盖布列塔尼、卢瓦尔河地区与诺曼底的植物学与自然保护内容）以及《濒危物种红色名单：法国本土维管植物》《入侵植物清单》《受保护植物清单》等全国性名录和分区植物地图。学院把所有野外观察、标本馆记录、历史文献按统一协议录入一套信息系统，再向地方分发给 ZNIEFF（生态、动物与植物关注自然区）、Natura 2000、Trame verte et bleue、SCAP、ENS 等多项公共政策使用；同时通过数据库门户与 catalogue documentaire 对外公开部分数据集，方便高校、自然保护区与公众查询。

地位与国际合作

作为世界上第一座专门保护濒危植物的迁地保育机构，CBNB 后来成为法国 8 个国家植物学院网络的原型与第一环。学院长期在地中海盆地、加勒比、马达加斯加与马斯克林群岛等生物多样性热点地区承担国际合作项目，合作伙伴包括当地政府、研究机构与自然保护 NGO；国际行动重点是协助建立就地与迁地保护能力，分享红色名录评估与种群回归技术。2015 年 10 月，布雷斯特都会区主席 François Cuillandre 与植物学院主席 Eric Guellec 在园艺节目主持人 Stéphane Marie 见证下共同主持了建院 40 周年纪念种植仪式，象征机构在地方层面的持续扎根。

History and Origins

The Conservatoire botanique national de Brest (CBNB) was established in 1975 at the initiative of Jean‑Yves Lesouëf, a nurseryman from a Breton horticultural family, with the joint support of the naturalist association Bretagne Vivante, the municipality of Brest and the French Ministry of the Environment. Lesouëf first floated the idea in 1974, noting that zoo‑based rescue programmes had already saved animals such as the European bison and arguing that a similar approach was needed for plants. The chosen site lies in the Vallon du Stang‑Alar on the western edge of Brest, a valley that had been a watercress‑lined trout stream in the 1890s, a gneiss quarry from 1931 to 1966 and an informal rubbish tip after 1966. The newly created Communauté Urbaine de Brest purchased the land in 1974 to develop the city’s first large green space and from 1975 onwards assigned the lower part of the valley to the Conservatoire.

Mandate and Geographic Scope

CBNB is a French public institution with a scientific and technical remit (établissement public à caractère scientifique et technique). Its three core tasks are to expand knowledge of wild plants and natural habitats, to conserve threatened flora and habitats, and to support public policy, protected area management and public education. Under national accreditation the Conservatoire operates across twelve départements in three regions of western France: Calvados, Côtes‑d’Armor, Finistère, Ille‑et‑Vilaine, Loire‑Atlantique, Maine‑et‑Loire, Manche, Mayenne, Morbihan, Orne, Sarthe and Vendée, covering roughly 76 879 km² and 4 588 communes. Most of this territory lies within the Armorican Massif, whose common geological and climatic history makes it one of the most coherent survey units in metropolitan France.

Garden and Plant Collection

The garden occupies a 30‑hectare, 1.5 km‑long stretch of the Stang‑Alar valley, where the steep former‑quarry cliffs, sheltered microclimate and small ponds give the site an unusual combination of warmth and humidity. The property welcomes around 400 000 visitors each year and is listed among France’s Jardins remarquables. The living collection holds 4 847 taxa in total, of which 1 813 are classed as threatened on the IUCN Red List and 61 are already extinct in the wild, the largest such assembly of endangered plants in the world. The 1 000 m² of tropical greenhouses are divided into four recreated habitats (humid tropical mountains, dry tropics, humid tropical forest and subtropical oceanic islands); around 200 taxa are grown here and roughly 95% of them are threatened, including species such as Cylindrocline lorencei and other Mascarene endemics that now survive only in cultivation.

Publications and Data Systems

From its early years the Conservatoire has issued annual activity reports and runs the botanical and conservation journal Erica, which covers Brittany, the Pays de la Loire and Normandy. It also publishes the national Liste rouge des espèces menacées en France (chapitre plantes vasculaires), the lists of invasive and protected plants, and a series of regional atlases. All field observations, herbarium records and historical literature are entered under shared protocols into a single information system and are then fed into policies such as ZNIEFF, Natura 2000, the Trame verte et bleue, SCAP and Espaces naturels sensibles. A public data portal and documentary catalogue make subsets of these datasets available to researchers, reserve managers and amateur naturalists.

Position and International Work

As the first institution in the world devoted specifically to the ex-situ conservation of threatened plants, CBNB became the prototype and the founding link of what is now a national network of eight Conservatoires botaniques across France. Internationally it runs long‑term programmes in the Mediterranean Basin, the Caribbean, Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, working alongside local governments, research institutes and conservation NGOs to build in‑situ and ex‑situ capacity, share red‑list assessment methods and develop reintroduction protocols. In October 2015 the 40th anniversary of the Conservatoire was marked by a symbolic planting led by François Cuillandre, then president of Brest Métropole, and Eric Guellec, president of the Conservatoire, with landscaper and broadcaster Stéphane Marie as sponsor, underlining the institution’s continuing roots in the city.

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