美国 巴尔博亚公园 Balboa Park – 加州博览会举办地

从 1835 年划为公共保留地到 1915 年巴拿马—加州博览会

Balboa Park（巴尔博亚公园）位于美国加利福尼亚州圣迭戈市（San Diego, California），面积约 1,200 英亩（约 490 公顷），是美国境内最早划作公共休憩用途的保留地之一——这片地界在 1835 年即被指定为公共用地，比纽约中央公园还要早。它最初名为 City Park（城市公园），为筹备 1915 年巴拿马—加州博览会（Panama-California Exposition），市政府于 1910 年公开征名，西班牙探险家 Vasco Núñez de Balboa（巴尔博亚）最终胜出，公园遂更名为 Balboa Park，沿用至今。当年博览会留下的西班牙殖民复兴式建筑群构成了今日 El Prado 林荫道两侧的核心景观。

圣迭戈艺术博物馆、自然历史博物馆与博物馆群

园区沿 El Prado 两侧集中了 17 座以上博物馆与文化设施。最早落成的常设机构包括 1926 年开馆的 San Diego Museum of Art（圣迭戈艺术博物馆）——南加州地区最古老、规模最大的艺术博物馆，馆藏涵盖欧洲早期绘画大师精选、19 至 20 世纪美国艺术、亚洲艺术以及当代与拉丁美洲艺术；1933 年开馆的 San Diego Natural History Museum（圣迭戈自然历史博物馆）则从恐龙化石到南加州生态均有系统收藏。其他常设机构还包括 San Diego Air and Space Museum（航空航天博物馆）、San Diego Automotive Museum（汽车博物馆）、Museum of Us（人类博物馆）、San Diego History Center（圣迭戈历史中心）、Fleet Science Center（弗利特科学中心）、San Diego Model Railroad Museum（模型铁路博物馆）、Comic-Con Museum（动漫展博物馆）以及 Mingei International Museum（民艺国际博物馆）等。

园林体系：Botanical Building、Alcazar 花园与 Spanish Village

公园的园林体系与建筑群同等出名。1915 年博览会期间建造的 Botanical Building（植物建筑）是园内最具辨识度的园艺地标，这座大型木结构温室位于 El Prado 东端、丽池（Lily Pond）北侧，常年展示来自五大洲的 2,100 多株热带与亚热带植物，每年三月还会与南加州其他植物园合作举办盛大的樱花季展示。Botanical Building 北侧的 Alcazar Gardens（阿尔卡萨花园）以几何对称的西班牙—摩尔式花坛著称，与一旁色彩斑斓的 Spanish Village Art Center（西班牙村艺术中心）共同构成游客最为集中的步行环线。园内另有 Zoro Garden、Palm Canyon、Native Plants Garden 与多座玫瑰园点缀其间，公园周边则环绕着 Downtown、Bankers Hill、North Park 与 Golden Hill 等老社区。

圣地亚哥动物园、San Diego Zoo 与节庆活动

位于公园北侧、紧邻 Balboa Park 边界但不归市政公园部门管辖的 San Diego Zoo（圣地亚哥动物园）是全美乃至全球最具影响力的动物园之一，与园区其它机构共同构成了圣迭戈最具规模的旅游与文化集群。1989 年开馆的 San Diego Zoo Safari Park（野生动物园）位于 Escondido，是该机构的姊妹园区。园内常年举办各类节庆：七月的 San Diego Pride Festival 圣迭戈骄傲节通常吸引逾 15 万人参与，秋季的 Halloween 与 Día de los Muertos 活动则覆盖整个 Cultural District。Balboa Park 还提供 Balboa Park Explorer Pass 一票通、Go City 联票以及多家周边酒店的合作套餐，方便游客规划多日行程。

非营利运营体、文化地标与官方资讯平台

巴尔博亚公园由圣迭戈市公园与游憩部（City of San Diego Parks and Recreation Department）负责日常管理与维护，园内数十家博物馆与文化机构则以非营利组织的形式独立运作。2009 年提议、2010 年正式成立的 Balboa Park Conservancy（巴尔博亚公园保护协会）是协调园内机构与外部资助的核心非营利平台。1977 年，公园被列入美国国家史迹名录（National Register of Historic Places）；2017 年，加利福尼亚州将其指定为 California Cultural District（加州文化区），肯定其在圣迭戈文化生活中的核心地位。官方信息、活动日程、票务与游览路线均通过 balboapark.org 集中发布，可作为查询园区活动与机构动态的主入口。

From a 1835 Public Reserve to the 1915 Panama-California Exposition

Balboa Park is a roughly 1,200-acre (around 490-hectare) historic urban cultural park in San Diego, California. The site was placed in public reserve in 1835, making it one of the oldest sites in the United States dedicated to public recreational use, predating New York’s Central Park. Originally called City Park, it was renamed in 1910 ahead of the 1915 Panama-California Exposition. A public naming contest settled on the Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa, and the park has carried that name ever since. The Spanish Colonial Revival buildings built for the Exposition still line El Prado, the central boulevard that organises the museum quarter today.

The Museum Cluster: San Diego Museum of Art and the Natural History Museum

More than 17 museums and cultural institutions are concentrated along El Prado and the surrounding mesa. The San Diego Museum of Art, opened in 1926, is the oldest and largest fine arts museum in the region, with holdings that span Old Master European paintings, nineteenth and twentieth-century American art, encyclopaedic Asian collections and growing contemporary and Latin American holdings. The San Diego Natural History Museum, opened in 1933 in the park, covers Southern California ecology and palaeontology. Other permanent institutions include the San Diego Air and Space Museum, San Diego Automotive Museum, Museum of Us, San Diego History Center, Fleet Science Center, San Diego Model Railroad Museum, Comic-Con Museum and the Mingei International Museum.

The Botanical Building, Alcazar Gardens and Spanish Village

The park’s horticultural landscape is just as distinctive as its architecture. The Botanical Building, a large lath greenhouse erected for the 1915 Exposition, anchors the east end of El Prado next to the Lily Pond and permanently displays more than two thousand one hundred tropical and subtropical plants from every continent. It hosts a well-known cherry blossom display each March in partnership with other Southern California gardens. North of the Botanical Building, the geometric Alcazar Gardens, arranged in a Spanish-Moorish symmetrical pattern, face the colourful Spanish Village Art Center and form the busiest walking loop in the park. Elsewhere, Zoro Garden, Palm Canyon, the Native Plants Garden and several rose gardens are scattered through the mesa, which is bordered by Downtown, Bankers Hill, North Park and Golden Hill.

The San Diego Zoo and the Park’s Year-Round Events

The San Diego Zoo sits on the northern edge of the park and, although administered separately from the city, functions as a key part of the Balboa Park cultural campus. Its sister property, the San Diego Zoo Safari Park in Escondido, opened in 1989. Throughout the year the park hosts major festivals: the San Diego Pride Festival in July regularly draws more than 150,000 visitors to Marston Point, while Halloween and Día de los Muertos programmes fill the Cultural District each autumn. Visitors can plan multi-day stays with the Balboa Park Explorer Pass, the Go City San Diego Pass and a number of hotel packages listed on the official site.

Governance, the Conservancy and the Official Information Hub

Day-to-day stewardship of Balboa Park rests with the City of San Diego Parks and Recreation Department, while the museums, gardens and cultural centres are operated by independent non-profit organisations. The Balboa Park Conservancy, proposed in 2009 and formally launched in September 2010, coordinates these institutions and channels outside support into the park. Balboa Park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, and in 2017 the State of California designated it a California Cultural District in recognition of its central role in San Diego’s cultural life. Balboapark.org serves as the central hub for park news, ticketing, event calendars and visitor planning.

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