美国 北卡罗来纳州立大学植物疾病和虫害诊所 – 植物病害诊断与昆虫鉴定公共服务平台

“美国北卡罗来纳州立大学植物疾病和虫害诊所 (NC State University Plant Disease and Insect Clinic, PDIC)”是北卡州立大学昆虫学与植物病理学系运营的植物病害诊断与昆虫鉴定公共服务平台，为本州及跨州农民、种植户、景观公司、家庭园艺主以及科研单位提供实验室级专业鉴定。诊所与北卡罗来纳州合作推广服务 (N.C. Cooperative Extension) 紧密合作，由各县推广人员协助用户正确采集并提交样本。PDIC 同时是国家植物诊断网络 (National Plant Diagnostic Network) 与南方植物诊断网络 (Southern Plant Diagnostic Network) 的成员机构。

历史沿革与组织归属

诊所于 1951 年在北卡州立大学植物病理学系 (Department of Plant Pathology) 创立，初名“植物病害诊所”。1970 年昆虫学系 (Department of Entomology) 的昆虫学家加入后，正式更名为“植物疾病和昆虫诊所”，标志着植物病理学与昆虫学两大学科在诊断服务上的合并运营。目前 PDIC 隶属于北卡州立大学生物农业学院 (College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, CALS) 下属的昆虫学与植物病理学系，并与北卡州合作推广服务体系形成跨学院合作网络。N.C. 合作推广服务由北卡州立大学 (1862 赠地大学) 与北卡农工州立大学 (N.C. A&T State University, 1890 赠地大学) 共同主办，PDIC 的现场诊断在体系内由县级推广人员前置分流。

核心服务与诊断能力

PDIC 提供以物理样本为基础的实验室诊断与数字图像辅助诊断两类服务。核心服务包括：植物病害问题诊断（重点关注生物因素如病原菌、昆虫、螨类等）、昆虫及节肢动物鉴定（涵盖家居、花园、办公室、仓库等场景的蛛形纲与多足类标本）。扩展服务包括：大型真菌 (macrofungi) 鉴定、灌溉水中梨 bait 检验梨疫霉 (Phytophthora) 存在与否、出口烤烟中蓝霉及其他管制生物分析。绝大多数鉴定依赖物理样本，部分情形下高质量数字图像可独立完成诊断。报告周期从数小时到数周不等，标准样本通常在 1 周内反馈结果。

服务对象、收费体系与流程

PDIC 服务对象分为本州与跨州两类。本州样本通过北卡合作推广服务 (含推广大师志愿者) 或非营利组织、州机构、公立学校、社区学院、UNC 系统成员单位提交的，标准收费 20 美元；公众、景观公司、害虫防治运营商等直接提交且未走在线流程的样本，标准收费 30 美元；跨州样本 75 美元；纯数字图像样本 (通过数据库 app 在线提交) 与北卡两所赠地大学研究项目中的疑难样本免费；北卡苗圃验证黄杨枯萎病 (boxwood blight) 的样本同样免费。线上信用卡支付加收 5% 处理费。用户需根据样本类型（树木/灌木、蔬菜/花卉、草坪/球场、田间作物、果园/葡萄园/种植园、温室、苗圃、住宅/商业楼宇、未知生物等）参照提交页面完成打包与寄送。

年度运营与科普合作网络

以 2025 年度报告数据为参考：诊所全年共接收 2,709 份样本（PDIC 主体 2,219 份 + 草坪诊断实验室 493 份），鉴定出问题 3,122 项；样本类型以树木和灌木最多（27%），其次为草坪（18%）、蔬菜与香草（13%）、大田作物（13%）、多年生观赏植物（9%）、小果类（7%）；季节性峰值出现在 7 月（约每日 15 份样本），12 月最低（53 份），2025 年共确认 5 项美国或北卡州新记录的有害生物与病原。科普层面，PDIC 通过“Be On the LookOut” (BOLO) 月度专栏在线发布病虫害预警与鉴别指南，覆盖室内植物、入侵物种、季节性害虫等专题，网站另设草坪病害、植物病害鉴别游戏、出版物与事实清单 (Publications & Factsheets)、有用链接合辑等公众教育板块；专业培训方面定期举办植物问题诊断短期课程 (Plant Problem Diagnostics Short Course)，并向合作推广人员与推广大师志愿者提供现场培训。

The NC State University Plant Disease and Insect Clinic (PDIC) is a public plant disease diagnostic and insect identification service operated by the NC State University Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology. The clinic provides laboratory-grade identifications to farmers, growers, landscapers, homeowners, gardeners, and research institutions in North Carolina and beyond. PDIC works in close partnership with N.C. Cooperative Extension, whose county personnel assist clients in collecting and submitting samples correctly. The clinic is a member of the National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN) and the Southern Plant Diagnostic Network (SPDN).

History and Organizational Affiliation

PDIC was established in 1951 within the Department of Plant Pathology at NC State University, originally as the Plant Disease Clinic. In 1970, entomologists from the Department of Entomology joined the service, and the unit was renamed the Plant Disease and Insect Clinic, marking the integration of plant pathology and entomology disciplines in diagnostic operations. Today the clinic is housed in the Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (CALS) at NC State University and coordinates with the N.C. Cooperative Extension system. The Extension network is jointly administered by NC State University (an 1862 land-grant university) and N.C. A&T State University (an 1890 land-grant university), with PDIC working alongside county-level extension agents for sample triage and on-site referrals.

Core Services and Diagnostic Capabilities

PDIC offers two complementary service streams: laboratory diagnosis based on physical specimens, and image-based diagnosis supported by digital submissions. Core services include diagnosis of plant problems focused on biotic causes (pathogens, insects, mites and related organisms) and identification of insects, spiders, and other invertebrates collected from homes, gardens, offices, warehouses, and other structures. Extended services include identification of mushrooms and other macrofungi, pear-bait assays for Phytophthora detection in irrigation water, and analysis of cured tobacco for export to identify blue mold and other regulated organisms. Most identifications depend on physical specimens, although some diagnoses can be made from high-quality digital images alone. Report turnaround varies from hours to weeks depending on sample quality, assay complexity, and specialist availability; standard samples typically receive a response within one week of receipt.

Clientele, Fee Structure and Submission Workflow

PDIC serves both in-state and out-of-state clients. In-state samples submitted through the N.C. Cooperative Extension (including Extension Master Gardener Volunteers) or by non-profit organizations, State agencies, public schools, community colleges, and UNC System institutional members are charged 20 USD per sample. In-state samples submitted directly to the PDIC by the public, landscapers, pest control operators, or consultants, or samples submitted on paper forms without online submission, are charged 30 USD. Out-of-state samples are 75 USD. Digital image-only submissions made online through the database app are free of charge, as are in-state samples from research projects at North Carolina’s two land-grant universities and boxwood blight verification samples from North Carolina nurseries. A 5 percent processing fee applies to credit card payments made online. Submitters select a sample category (tree or shrub in the landscape, vegetable or flower bed, lawn or turf, field crop, orchard, greenhouse, nursery, residential or commercial building, unknown creature, or other) and follow the corresponding packing and shipping instructions.

Annual Operations and Outreach Network

According to the 2025 annual report, the clinic received 2,709 samples during the year (2,219 at the PDIC and 493 at the Turf Diagnostics Lab) and identified 3,122 problems from them; by host type, trees and shrubs accounted for 27 percent of samples, turf 18 percent, vegetables and herbs 13 percent, field crops 13 percent, perennial ornamentals 9 percent, and small fruits 7 percent; the seasonal peak occurs in July with approximately 15 samples per workday, while December sees the lowest volume, and five pathogen or pest records new to the United States or to North Carolina were confirmed. The clinic also relocated in April 2025 from Gardner Hall to a newly designed laboratory in the Varsity Research Building and added a vegetable pathology diagnostician, expanding both capacity and visitor access. On the outreach side, PDIC publishes the Be On the LookOut (BOLO) monthly series, which highlights emerging pests, seasonal arthropod activity, invasive species alerts, and identification guidance; the website also features turf disease resources, plant disease diagnostic games, publications and factsheets, and curated useful links for the public, while the periodic Plant Problem Diagnostics Short Course and on-site sessions train cooperative extension agents and Extension Master Gardener Volunteers.

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