瑞士 圣加仑植物园 Der Botanische Garten St.Gallen – 瑞士植物多样性展示的代表性机构之一

历史沿革

圣加仑植物园（Der Botanische Garten St.Gallen）位于瑞士圣加仑州圣加仑市新城区（Neudorf），是圣加仑市政府直接管理的城市公共植物园，由圣加仑市作为业主方长期投资扩建并日常运营。园区最早可追溯到 1878 年——圣加仑首座植物园在刚落成的自然博物馆东侧城市公园中设立，由博物馆首任馆长、植物学家与标本采集家弗里德里希·伯恩哈德·瓦特曼（Friedrich Bernhard Wartmann）与友人、教师兼植物学家特奥多尔·施拉特（Theodor Schlatter, 1847–1918）共同创建，面积约 6 000 平方米，含一座高山植物分区。1918 年大部分展区因新建历史与民族博物馆被拆除，1934 年迁到现圣加仑师范大学的过渡园址也因基建项目再度消失。1945 年 6 月 16 日，园方在新城区斯特凡斯霍恩（Stephanshorn）地区的原市属苗圃地上动土建设第三座、也是目前仍在使用的植物园，市立学校班级与市园林局前负责人保罗·楚利（Paul Zülli）参与了初期建造。1946 年，植物园之友促进会（Förderverein Freunde des Botanischen Gartens St.Gallen）成立，资助温室更新与户外改造。1993 年建起造型独特的阿尔卑斯展馆，1998 年新建大型热带温室，2007 年扩出兰花温室，2011 年户外展区完成大规模翻新，2016 年新自然博物馆紧邻植物园开幕，植物园与博物馆的相邻关系延续近一百年后重新回到原址。

园区布局与户外分区

植物园目前占地约 2 公顷，户外分布着 20 个相互连接的分区，按主题与地理双重逻辑组织，按官网的现行分区清单，含四大地理区、四大教学区与十二类植物专类区。地理区包括欧洲区（Alpinum 阿尔卑斯区、欧洲）、美洲区与亚洲区——亚洲区中央仿日式庭园建有小型池塘与石灯，栽种来自中国云南和四川的报春花（Primula vialii）等 400 余种亚洲植物。教学区包括生物学、遗传学与系统学三块，承担学校班级实践教学任务，遗传区中央有以格雷戈尔·孟德尔（Gregor Mendel）命名的孟德尔花园。专类区包括石园、水园、盆栽园、宿根园、藤本廊、槭树园、鸢尾园、灌木花境、蕨类园、水仙花境等轮换主题区块，以及高山植物区与多个按季节轮换的临时花圃。园区西北侧是 1914 年建成的红瓦历史建筑——柑橘温室（Orangerie），现用于盆栽植物越冬与夏季小型展览。

植物收藏与展温室

植物园常年展示来自全球约 8 000 种带标签的活体植物，是瑞士植物多样性展示的代表性机构之一。热带温室是 1998 年新建的大型展示温室，分两层水面与阶梯看台，栽培热带雨林植物、多肉植物以及肉桂、咖啡、香草等经济作物，温室内两个水池中最具特色的是巨型王莲（Victoria）水池；2007 年在热带温室旁扩建的兰花温室集中展示兰花科植物。阿尔卑斯展馆 1993 年以独特的尖顶结构建成，专用于阿尔卑斯高山植物。园方还设有专门的食虫植物温室与活石（Lithops）温室，分别展示猪笼草等食虫植物与生石花属多肉植物。收藏亮点还包括瑞士本土树木的冬季状态展示（68 种常见乔灌木）、《植物仿生》展示（80 种植物与其仿生应用）以及藤本植物的攀爬方式专题。园方由长期任职的园长汉斯彼得·舒马赫（Hanspeter Schumacher）编写有 168 页图文并茂的《圣加仑植物园指南》（Appenzeller Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-85882-664-0），是公众了解植物园系统的标准参考。

公共活动、协会与合作

圣加仑植物园是瑞士植物园协会（Hortus Botanicus Helveticus）的成员，并参与其联合举办的「BOTANICA」活动——一个由瑞士 20 座植物园共同发起的为期四周的系列活动，旨在向社会展示植物园在生物多样性保护中的贡献。园方在每年 8 月至 10 月的蘑菇季节，向公众提供免费的野生食用蘑菇鉴定服务（Pilzkontrolle），是该园一项长期开展的特色公益项目。植物园内长期活跃着两个本地支持组织：植物园之友促进会与圣加仑植物学会（Botanischer Zirkel St.Gallen），共同协助组织讲座、阅读、展览与园艺课程。每年秋季举行一次公开的植物交换活动，夏季则有一次全天的花园节。园内点缀着多件雕塑作品，包括 1957 年由瑞士雕塑家威廉·迈尔（Wilhelm Meier）创作的「潘」（Pan）青铜像。植物园还是 1979 年建成、8 公里长的圣加仑行星小径（St. Galler Planetenweg）的起点，沿途按比例展示太阳、水星、金星、地球与月球模型。

开放时间与到访信息

植物园位于圣加仑市新城区的斯特凡斯霍恩（Stephanshorn）地区，地处历史自然博物馆对面、紧邻圣加仑大学与圣加仑州立图书馆。园区全年每日 08:00–17:00 开放（12 月 25 日与 1 月 1 日闭园），温室开放时间为每日 08:00–16:45，门票免费，牵绳犬可入园。园方定期在每月首个星期日组织免费公共导览，团体与学校的专题导览需提前两周预约。热带温室与绿厅（Grüner Pavillon）可对外租用，前者适合晚间 17:00 之后举办活动，后者无时段限制。办公时间为周一至周五 08:00–12:00，圣诞至元旦假期闭园。每月出版的 A4 资料单页详尽介绍一种植物主题，月度通讯通报近期活动与新闻。游客可在官网订阅电子月刊与新闻通讯，及时了解最新活动日程。

History

The Botanical Garden of St.Gallen (Der Botanische Garten St.Gallen) is a municipal botanical garden in the Neudorf quarter of the city of St.Gallen, in the canton of St.Gallen, Switzerland. It is owned and run by the City of St.Gallen, whose gardening office has directed the long-term expansion and day-to-day operation of the site. The garden’s lineage goes back to 1878, when the city’s first botanical garden was established in the municipal park east of the newly opened Museum of Nature by its founding director, the botanist and plant collector Friedrich Bernhard Wartmann, together with his friend Theodor Schlatter (1847–1918), a teacher and botanist. Covering about 6,000 m² and including a rock alpine section, this first garden was largely demolished in 1918 to make way for the new Museum of History and Ethnology, and a replacement garden near today’s University of Teacher Education was in turn cleared in 1934 for construction work. On 16 June 1945 the first sod was turned at the present Stephanshorn site, where the municipal nursery had stood for decades, and the garden was built with the help of school classes and the head of the gardening office Paul Zülli. One year later, in 1946, the non-profit Friends of the Botanical Garden of St.Gallen (Förderverein) was founded to support the institution. The alpine house was added in 1993, a new tropical house in 1998 (with an orchid house added in 2007), the outdoor sections were substantially renewed in 2011, and in 2016 the new Naturmuseum opened immediately next door, reuniting the museum and the garden after almost a century apart.

Layout and Outdoor Sections

The garden covers about 2 hectares, with twenty interconnected outdoor sections organised along both geographical and thematic lines. The four geographical departments present plants from the Alpinum, Europe, America and Asia; the Asia section centres on a Japanese-style garden with a small pond and stone lantern and grows around 400 Asian species, including hundreds of Vial’s primrose (Primula vialii) from the Chinese provinces of Yunnan and Sichuan. The three educational departments — Biology, Genetics and Systematics — are used in practical school classes; the Genetics section is built around a Mendel Garden named after Gregor Mendel, while the Systematics section was extensively revised in 2013–2014 to reflect updated scientific naming. The remaining twelve departments cover the rock garden, water garden, container plants, perennial garden, pergola and climbers, maple garden, iris garden, barberry border, fern garden, narcissus border, the changing-theme beds and the raised-bed displays. The 1914-built red-tiled Orangery on the western side of the site, originally part of the municipal nursery, continues to be used for overwintering potted plants and summer exhibitions.

Plant Collection and Glasshouses

About 8,000 labelled plant species from all over the world are on display at any one time, making the garden one of the most diverse municipal collections in Switzerland. The 1998 tropical house, with two pools and a grandstand, is the heart of the indoor collection and shows tropical rainforest species, succulents and economic crops such as cinnamon, coffee and vanilla; its most photographed feature is the basin of the giant Victoria water lily. The orchid house, added in 2007, complements the tropical displays, while the 1993 alpine house houses the alpine flora in an architecturally striking form. Two small specialist greenhouses are dedicated to carnivorous plants and to living stones (Lithops). Outdoor highlights include the 68 native woody plants in winter, an 80-plant bionics display, and a themed section on climbing methods. The long-standing director Hanspeter Schumacher published a 168-page illustrated guide, Der Botanische Garten St.Gallen: Ort der Erholung, Bildung und Begegnung (Appenzeller Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-85882-664-0), which remains the standard reference for the garden.

Public Activities, Associations and Partnerships

The Botanical Garden of St.Gallen is a member of the Swiss botanical garden association Hortus Botanicus Helveticus and takes part in its joint BOTANICA initiative, a four-week programme organised by twenty Swiss botanical gardens to draw public attention to their role in biodiversity conservation. During the mushroom season from August to October the garden operates a public mushroom advisory service, offering free identification of privately gathered edible mushrooms. Two local associations support the garden’s programming: the Förderverein (Friends of the Botanical Garden) and the Botanischer Zirkel St.Gallen, who co-organise lectures, readings, exhibitions and courses. An annual autumn plant exchange and a yearly summer garden party are open to the public. Sculptures are placed at several points around the outdoor area, most notably the 1957 bronze Pan by the Swiss sculptor Wilhelm Meier. The garden is also the starting point of the 1979-built St.Galler Planetenweg, an 8-km themed trail of scale models of the planets that runs from the tropical house via Mörschwil to Obersteinach.

Opening Hours and Visiting

The garden lies in the Neudorf district of the city of St.Gallen, immediately opposite the new Naturmuseum and within walking distance of the University of St.Gallen and the Kantonsbibliothek. The outdoor area is open every day from 08:00 to 17:00 (closed on 25 December and 1 January), and the glasshouses from 08:00 to 16:45. Admission is free and well-behaved dogs on a lead are welcome. Free public guided tours are held on the first Sunday of each month; group and school tours should be booked at least two weeks in advance. The tropical house can be hired for private events of up to 50 people in the evening from 17:00, and the Grüner Pavillon seminar room can be rented without time restrictions (bookings at least one week in advance). The office is open Monday to Friday 08:00–12:00, and the garden is closed during the Christmas and New Year holidays. A monthly information sheet on a specific plant theme and a multi-page newsletter with past and upcoming activities are issued throughout the year, and a free e-mail newsletter can be subscribed to via the official website.

相关文章：

德国 柏林植物园和植物博物馆 – 世界上规模最大、最重要的植物园之一 德国 波恩大学植物园 – 植物迁地保护与科普基地 中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园 – 植物迁地保护与科普基地 美国 国家热带植物园National Tropical Botanical Garden – 考艾岛（Kauai）的Lāwaʻi峡谷 美国波特兰 Leach 植物园 – 17英亩植物园与社区花园 中国上海植物园 – 海派盆景发源地的综合性城市植物园 英国 Chelsea Physic Garden 切尔西药用植物园 – 英国药用植物迁地保护门户 德国 Park der Gärten – 德国规模最大的主题花园园区之一杜鹃特色收藏