设立背景与法定地位
槟城国家公园（马来文 Taman Negara Pulau Pinang）位于马来西亚槟城州西北角的槟城岛西北端，前身为班底阿济森林保护区（Pantai Acheh Forest Reserve）。2003 年 4 月依据 1980 年《国家公园法》正式公告设立，是该法律下首批获批的国家级保护区之一，也是马来西亚国土面积最小的国家公园。日常管理由半岛马来西亚野生动物及国家公园局（PERHILITAN, Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia）负责。
地理格局与入口设置
公园位于槟城岛西北端，临近直落巴巷（Teluk Bahang），距乔治市约 30 至 42 公里、距吉隆坡约 390 至 475 公里，公园总面积 2,562 至 2,563 公顷（陆地与海域合计）。主入口设在直落巴巷，次入口设在浮罗勿洞（Balik Pulau）方向的瓜拉双溪槟榔（Kuala Sungai Pinang）。两处入口每日 8:00 至 16:30 开放，中午 13:00 至 14:00 暂停入园。海岸沿线分布有猴子海滩（Monkey Beach）、可拉竹海滩（Pantai Kerachut）与直落甘比海滩（Teluk Kampi）等开放区域。
物种与生境多样性
马来西亚自然学会 2000 年的调查显示，公园内记录到 417 种植物与 143 种动物；后续调查进一步将植物总数更新至 1,000 余种，以龙脑香科、豆科、夹竹桃科、漆树科、大戟科和桑科为主。园内可见梅兰蒂木（Meranti Seraya）、娑罗双属（Shorea curtisii）、沉香、雅楠、坡垒、羯布罗香、野兰、腰果、榄仁与椰子等树种，海岸带伴生露兜树与多种蕨类。公园拥有马来西亚其他主要保护区少见的多样生境组合：低地与丘陵龙脑香林、红树林、珊瑚礁海岸、半波礁咸淡水湖（Meromictic Lake）及开阔海面，是猪笼草、野兰与多种菌类药草的栖息地。
海龟保育与研究合作
可拉竹海滩是公园内最主要的海龟产卵地。每年 4 至 8 月绿海龟上岸筑巢，9 至 2 月则是榄蠵龟产卵期，全年均有零星海龟上岸记录。1995 年起，槟城渔业局、野生动物及国家公园保护司与国家林业局共同在此设立海龟孵化基地，由三个部门合作处理龟卵采集、幼体放归与海滩保护工作。海龟保育中心现归属渔业局管辖。半岛马来西亚大学、槟城山生物圈保护区（Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve）等机构也在此开展植被、淡水湖与候鸟类长期监测项目。
访客导览与住宿设施
游客可由乔治市经巴都丁宜（Batu Ferringhi）公路抵达主入口；次入口由浮罗勿洞一侧的瓜拉双溪槟榔方向进入，需提前预订方可露营。公园内设游客中心介绍整体生态系统，并标明由主入口前往可拉竹海滩约 2 小时、至直落甘比海滩约 3 小时的徒步路径。可拉竹海滩与直落甘比海滩设有露营区与野餐区，并允许在指定区域进行钓鱼、游泳与登山等活动。住宿服务主要分布在巴都丁宜与直落巴巷两地，距公园主入口最近。
Establishment and Legal Status
Penang National Park (Malay: Taman Negara Pulau Pinang) lies at the northwestern tip of Penang Island and was previously known as the Pantai Acheh Forest Reserve. It was formally gazetted in April 2003 under Malaysia’s National Parks Act 1980 as one of the earliest protected areas approved under the Act, and is recognised as the country’s smallest national park by area. Day-to-day management is handled by the Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia (PERHILITAN).
Geography and Entry Points
The park occupies the northwestern corner of Penang Island, near Teluk Bahang, about 30 to 42 kilometres from George Town and 390 to 475 kilometres from Kuala Lumpur. The total area is reported between 2,562 and 2,563 hectares, covering land and sea together. The main entrance is at Teluk Bahang and a secondary entrance is at Kuala Sungai Pinang in the Balik Pulau direction. Both are open daily from 8:00 to 16:30, with a one-hour closure from 13:00 to 14:00. Coastal sites within the park include Monkey Beach, Pantai Kerachut and Teluk Kampi.
Species and Habitat Diversity
A 2000 field survey by the Malaysian Nature Society recorded 417 plant species and 143 animal species, and later studies raised the plant total to more than 1,000 species dominated by the families Dipterocarpaceae, Leguminosae, Apocynaceae, Anacardiaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Moraceae. Common trees include Meranti Seraya, Shorea curtisii, jelutong, gaharu, tongkat ali, pelawan and bintangor, with screw pines and ferns along the coast. The park combines five habitat types not commonly found together elsewhere in Malaysia: lowland and hill dipterocarp forest, mangrove, coral-reef shoreline, a seasonal meromictic lake and open sea, supporting pitcher plants, wild orchids, fungi and a range of medicinal herbs.
Sea Turtle Conservation and Research
Pantai Kerachut is the main turtle nesting beach within the park. Green turtles come ashore to nest between April and August, and hawksbill turtles between September and February, with sporadic nesting reported through the rest of the year. The Kerachut turtle hatchery was set up in 1995 and is jointly managed by the Penang State Department of Fisheries, PERHILITAN and the State Forestry Department, which share responsibility for egg collection, hatchling release and beach protection. The Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve, Universiti Sains Malaysia and other local institutions run long-term monitoring on forest plots, the meromictic lake and migratory birds in and around the park.
Visitor Access and Facilities
Visitors reach the main entrance by following the road past Batu Ferringhi to Teluk Bahang, or via the secondary entrance at Kuala Sungai Pinang when approaching from Balik Pulau. Camping at designated sites requires advance booking. A visitor centre near the main entrance introduces the overall ecosystem and marks walking routes of roughly two hours to Pantai Kerachut and three hours to Teluk Kampi. Picnic and camping areas are located at Pantai Kerachut and Teluk Kampi, where fishing, swimming and low-impact hiking are permitted within marked zones. Lodging is concentrated in the Batu Ferringhi and Teluk Bahang areas, which lie closest to the park boundary.
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