美国 UC IPM 加州大学害虫综合防治（University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program）是加州大学农业与自然资源学部下属的州立害虫综合管理项目，驻地位于加州大学戴维斯分校（UC Davis），通过全加州 58 个县的合作推广体系为居民、种植者、土地管理者、社区领导和专业害虫管理者提供以科学为基础、最小化对人和环境意外影响的害虫解决方案。该项目汇聚加州大学系统内众多科学家、农学推广专家和合作研究者的智慧，依托州政府与联邦政府拨款，建设和维护面向公众与专业人员的害虫管理信息网络。IPM（Integrated Pest Management，害虫综合管理）是一种以生态系统为基础的长效策略，强调通过生物控制、栖息地调控、栽培措施改良以及使用抗性品种等多重手段预防害虫及其危害。只有在监测结果表明确有必要时，才会依照既定准则使用农药，并且在使用时尽量只针对目标生物，以最大程度地降低对人、有益生物、非靶标生物和环境的风险。UC IPM 同时提供害虫识别工具、出版物和在线培训课程，并配套面向学校与儿童看护机构、物业管理人员、专业景观从业者以及零售苗圃从业者的专题资源。
项目沿革与组织归属
UC IPM 设立于 1979 年，是加州大学为应对农业、城市社区以及自然栖息地害虫问题而成立的州立常设项目，行政上隶属于加州大学农业与自然资源学部（UC Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources，简称 UC ANR），与加州大学各分校、农学推广站点（Cooperative Extension）以及全州范围内的县一级合作推广办公室协同运行。现有雇员约 30 余人，分布在加州大学戴维斯分校本部、加州大学河滨分校（UC Riverside）、加州大学伯克利分校（UC Berkeley）等校区的害虫管理研究与推广岗位上，另有众多专兼职推广专家（Cooperative Extension Advisors）和州内大学系统的专家参与项目活动。
研究领域与技术工具
UC IPM 的研究覆盖农业害虫管理、城市与社区害虫管理、自然资源区害虫管理以及农药安全教育四大方向，并据此开发了一系列技术工具：覆盖 300 余种寄主植物与 650 余种害虫、疾病和非生物逆境的害虫鉴别数据库、可按植物和受害部位查询的害虫诊断工具、面向景观从业者的月度 IPM 清单、野生动物害虫识别工具、农药有效成分数据库以及西班牙语版教育资源。其《害虫管理指南》（Pest Management Guidelines）自 1987 年起通过 IMPACT 网络以电子化形式发布，目前每年提供约 200 万次在线浏览，是加州害虫识别与防治的标准参考资料。
主要成果与社会影响
UC IPM 的工作直接服务于加州农业、社区园艺与公众健康：在葡萄种植业方面，参与 2016 年宣布的欧洲葡萄螟（European grapevine moth）根除行动；在生菜产业方面，与萨利纳斯谷（Salinas Valley）的种植户合作推广大蒜花（Alyssum）间作以吸引蚜虫天敌；在家庭与社区层面，臭虫（bed bug）综合管理方案在多户住宅中显著改善了住户满意度并降低化学农药暴露。其农药安全使用课程（Safe & Effective Use of Pesticides）自 1988 年首次出版以来，是加州农药施用人员资格认证体系的重要参考教材之一。
出版物与公众参与
UC IPM 通过网站提供《害虫管理指南》、《害虫说明》（Pest Notes）系列、综合性植物与景观 IPM 指南、培训视频与课程以及面向西班牙语使用者的 Recursos en Español 资源，并通过电子邮件简报和社交渠道通报重点项目进展与最新研究成果。其合作伙伴网络覆盖全加州 58 个县的推广办公室、加州大学系统各分校、加州食品农业部（California Department of Food and Agriculture）以及众多行业协会与志愿者群体（包括 UC Master Gardeners 加州大学志愿园艺师项目），以共同推动基于生态的害虫管理实践在加州全境落地。
The University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program (UC IPM) is a state-level integrated pest management program housed within the University of California’s Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Based at the University of California, Davis, UC IPM works through the Cooperative Extension system in all 58 California counties to help residents, growers, land managers, community leaders, and professional pest managers solve pest problems with the least unintended impacts on people and their surroundings. The program draws on the expertise of scientists across the University of California system and is supported by state and federal funding to develop and deliver science-based pest management information to the public. Integrated pest management (IPM) is an ecosystem-based strategy that emphasizes long-term prevention of pests and their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and the use of resistant varieties. Pesticides are used only after monitoring indicates that they are needed according to established guidelines, with treatments aimed at removing only the target organism. Materials are selected and applied to minimize risks to human health, beneficial and nontarget organisms, and the environment. UC IPM also provides pest identification tools, publications, online training courses, and targeted resources for schools and child care centers, multi-unit housing managers, landscape professionals, retail nursery staff, and structural pest control operators.
Program History and Organizational Affiliation
UC IPM was established in 1979 as a permanent state-level program of the University of California to address pest problems in agricultural, urban, and natural-area settings. The program is administratively part of UC Agriculture and Natural Resources (UC ANR) and works in coordination with campuses of the University of California, the Cooperative Extension network, and county-level extension offices across the state. It currently employs more than 30 staff based at UC Davis, UC Riverside, UC Berkeley, and other locations, and it draws on a wide network of Cooperative Extension advisors and UC system specialists in its research, extension, and outreach activities.
Research Areas and Technical Tools
UC IPM’s research spans four main areas: agricultural IPM, urban and community IPM, natural-resources IPM, and pesticide safety education. Building on this research, the program maintains a set of practical technical tools, including a database of more than 650 pests, diseases, and abiotic disorders across more than 300 host species, a plant problem diagnostic tool, monthly IPM checklists for landscape professionals, a wildlife pest identification tool, a pesticide active ingredients database, and Spanish-language education resources. Its Pest Management Guidelines, first released electronically through the IMPACT network in 1987, are accessed online roughly two million times a year and serve as a standard reference for pest identification and management in California.
Key Outcomes and Public Impact
UC IPM’s work has had a direct impact on California agriculture, community horticulture, and public health. In the grape industry, the program contributed to the 2016 announcement of the eradication of the European grapevine moth through cooperative work with growers, county agricultural commissioners, and state and federal regulators. In the Salinas Valley, UC IPM supported the intercropping of lettuce with alyssum to provide habitat for insects that feed on aphids and other pests. In residential and community settings, bed bug IPM programs combining monitoring, nonchemical treatment methods, and resident education have shown higher multi-unit resident satisfaction than traditional pesticide-only treatments. The program’s Safe and Effective Use of Pesticides manual, first published in 1988, remains a key reference in California’s pesticide applicator certification system.
Publications and Public Engagement
UC IPM delivers its information through a comprehensive set of channels. The program maintains the Pest Management Guidelines, the Pest Notes series, integrated home and landscape IPM guides, training videos and courses, and a Spanish-language resources section, and it uses email newsletters and social channels to highlight new findings, projects, and updates. Its collaborative network spans Cooperative Extension offices in all 58 California counties, University of California campuses, the California Department of Food and Agriculture, industry associations, and volunteer groups including the UC Master Gardeners program, working together to put ecologically based pest management into practice across the state.
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