历史沿革
不来梅杜鹃花公园位于德国不来梅自由市霍恩-莱厄区,园区占地 46 公顷,附带一处 3.2 公顷的植物园。植物园的前身可追溯到 1905 年,商人弗朗茨·许特在奥斯特代希另址建起的私人花园,1935 年移交不来梅市政府,随后迁入园址,1949 至 1950 年间落成现状。杜鹃花公园本身则于 1933 年由德国杜鹃花协会 (Deutsche Rhododendron-Gesellschaft, DRG) 倡议筹建,1937 年正式开放,2003 年在园内增设自然探索中心 botanika,2007 年运营权移交同名私人基金会。
杜鹃花收藏
公园号称拥有全球最大的杜鹃花与杜鹃茶藏品,共栽植 650 个原生种与约 3,750 个栽培品种(含杜鹃茶),涵盖热带、亚热带至德国北部寒地各种抗寒品系,完整呈现杜鹃属近 200 年的西方育种史。最早的杜鹃植株栽于 1936 年的园中老区,1980 年又从原”杜鹃茶博物馆”迁入 120 个老品种,构成专门的杜鹃茶板块。园方同时承担德国杜鹃花基因库 (Deutsche Genbank Rhododendron) 的核心保种任务,每隔数年与 DRG 合作更新德国育种者的新品种,最近一次集中补植在 2007 至 2008 年。
植物园分区
园内的不来梅植物园按主题划分:有专供高山杜鹃的岩生园、按美洲、亚洲、澳大利亚、新西兰和巴尔干等地理区组织的展示区、收集杜鹃花科与欧石南的欧石南园,以及面向本地植物的本土区,后者收录不来梅及下萨克森西北部约 2,000 种原生植物中的 1,000 余种,其中约 200 种列入下萨克森与不来梅的濒危红名。整个公园的活体植物总数约为 5,000 种,既可作科学样本,也供普通游客观赏。
botanika 与科普活动
2003 年开放的自然探索中心 botanika 由”探索中心”与若干主题温室组成,用互动展项重现喜马拉雅、婆罗洲等杜鹃花原生地的生境,被德方媒体称为德国首座绿色科学中心。中心另设蜂蜜销售点,蜂群分布于园区各处,每年三月至十月的周日有现场售卖。基金会常年组织园内导览、专题讲座、园艺培训等公众活动,2023 年起公开招募”时间志愿者”参与百年纪念调研。
地理位置与运营
公园坐落在不来梅自由市霍恩-莱厄 (Horn-Lehe) 的马库斯林荫道 (Marcusallee) 一侧,主入口处立有雕塑家保罗·哈尔布胡伯创作的大型青铜地球仪。运营方为 2007 年成立的私人基金会”不来梅杜鹃花公园基金会”,园方不收门票,日常养护与活动经费主要靠社会捐赠支撑。园址与德国杜鹃花协会关系密切,后者亦设园内,共同管理杜鹃花基因库保种工作。
History & Origin
The Rhododendron-Park Bremen sits in the Horn-Lehe district of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, covering 46 hectares with a 3.2-hectare botanical garden inside it. The botanical garden traces back to 1905, when businessman Franz Schütte established a private garden on the Osterdeich. It became city property in 1935 and was later moved to its present site, with the current layout completed in 1949 to 1950. The rhododendron park itself began in 1933 at the initiative of the Deutsche Rhododendron-Gesellschaft (DRG) and opened to the public in 1937. A nature discovery centre, botanika, was added inside the park in 2003, and in 2007 ownership was transferred to a private foundation of the same name.
Rhododendron Collection
The park is described as holding the world’s largest rhododendron and azalea collection, with 650 wild species and around 3,750 cultivars (azaleas included), covering hardy and subtropical lineages and illustrating nearly 200 years of Western rhododendron breeding. The oldest rhododendrons in the park were planted in 1936 in what is now the old wooded section. In 1980, 120 older azalea cultivars from the former “Azalea Museum” were moved here to form the dedicated azalea area. The park also serves as a pillar collection of the Deutsche Genbank Rhododendron and, together with the DRG, refreshes plantings of new German-bred varieties every few years, most recently in 2007 to 2008.
Botanical Garden Collections
The botanical garden inside the park is arranged by theme: a rock garden for high-mountain rhododendrons, geographic sections covering the Americas, Asia, Australia, New Zealand and the Balkans, a heather garden with Ericaceae and Calluna, and an indigenous flora section that includes around 1,000 of the roughly 2,000 native plant species recorded for north-western Lower Saxony and Bremen, of which about 200 sit on the current Red List for the region. In total the park holds some 5,000 different living plants, used both as scientific reference material and for public viewing.
Botanika & Public Activities
The botanika discovery centre, opened in 2003, combines a hands-on exhibition hall with themed display greenhouses that recreate habitats such as the Himalayas and Borneo, and is described in German press as the country’s first green science centre. The centre also runs a small honey sales point, with bee colonies kept around the park and on-site sales from March to October on Sundays. The operating foundation runs regular guided tours, lectures and horticultural training throughout the year, and from 2023 has been recruiting volunteer time donors for studies related to the park’s centenary.
Location & Operations
The park lies along Marcusallee in Horn-Lehe, Bremen, with a large bronze globe by sculptor Paul Halbhuber standing at the main entrance. It is run by the Stiftung Bremer Rhododendronpark, a private foundation established in 2007; entry is free of charge and day-to-day upkeep as well as the public programme are funded mainly through donations. The German Rhododendron Society maintains a presence on site, and together with the foundation oversees the rhododendron gene bank holdings.
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