德国 黑森林国家公园 Nationalpark Schwarzwald – 巴登州首家国家公园

黑森林国家公园 Nationalpark Schwarzwald

国家公园概况与建立背景

黑森林国家公园(Nationalpark Schwarzwald)位于德国巴登-符腾堡州北部黑森林山脉,是该州第一座也是唯一一座国家公园,根据州议会决议于 2014 年 1 月 1 日依法设立,同年 5 月 3 日正式对公众开放。公园总面积约 10,062 公顷,主体坐落在黑森林高山公路(Schwarzwaldhochstraße)与穆尔河谷之间的北黑森林主脊上,分作相隔约 3.5 公里的 Ruhestein(约 7,615 公顷)与 Hoher Ochsenkopf/Plättig(约 2,447 公顷)两块片区,并由中北黑森林自然公园(Naturpark Schwarzwald Mitte/Nord)整体环抱。

两片地理范围与生境对比

Ruhestein 片区靠近 Hornisgrinde 山顶(北黑森林制高点,约 1,164 米),园内可见 Wildsee、Huzenbacher See 与 Buhlbachsee 等典型冰蚀湖,沿着 Rechtmurg 与 Rotmurg 等穆尔河源头延伸;北侧的 Plättig 片区则沿 Schwarzenbach 高谷展开,包含 Hoher Ochsenkopf(1,055 米)、Mehliskopf、Badener Höhe、Nägeliskopf 等众多千米级山峰,最低点降至 Schwarzbach 与 Raumünzach 汇流处,海拔不足 500 米。两片之间留有 Forbach 教区的 Hundsbach 作为天然走廊,以便日后连通。

保护目标与自然演替进程

公园按照国际 IUCN 二类标准运行,核心目标是「让自然回归自然」(Natur Natur sein lassen),把人为干预降到最低,使云杉、冷杉与山毛榉混交林逐步恢复为接近原始的高山林;封山育林的核心地带已超过 1,680 平方公里,育林阶段内野生鹿、貂、欧亚猞猁、黑啄木鸟、稀有三趾啄木鸟与高山铃蟾等本地物种数量逐年回升。年降水量最高约 2,700 毫米、平均 2,200 毫米,居阿尔卑斯山以北德国境内之首。

访客中心与全年导览项目

游客可在海拔约 900 米的 Ruhestein 国家公园中心(Nationalparkzentrum Ruhestein)获得互动常设展、临时展、放映厅与「荒野之桥」观景台,自 2026 年度排期开始,每年的活动手册列有 300 多场野外导览、亲子营与学校项目,覆盖徒步、自行车与无障碍游线;Herrenwies 的国家公园小屋(Nationalparkhaus Herrenwies)则面向北部片区,重点展示人与森林的历史变迁,所有访客设施均免费入场,仅常设展收取小额费用。

治理架构与扩展规划

黑森林国家公园由州一级设立、附属于巴登-符腾堡州环境、气候与能源经济部的国家公园管理局(Nationalparkverwaltung Schwarzwald)负责日常管护与对外联络,常设 Ranger 队伍负责步道巡视与访客引导;2021 年起,环境部长 Thekla Walker 公布扩展方案,目标是逐步连通两块片区并扩大原始森林核心地带,使公园在面积与生态质量上同时成为阿尔卑斯山以北德国国家公园体系中的重要一环。


Park Profile and Establishment

Black Forest National Park (German: Nationalpark Schwarzwald) sits in the northern Black Forest of Baden-Württemberg, the first and only national park in the state. Created by state parliament vote on 28 November 2013, it was legally established on 1 January 2014 and opened to the public on 3 May 2014. The park covers some 10,062 hectares, straddling the main crest of the Northern Black Forest between the Schwarzwaldhochstraße high road and the Murg valley, and is enclosed by the surrounding Naturpark Schwarzwald Mitte/Nord.

Two Areas in Geographic Contrast

The Ruhestein section (about 7,615 ha) lies around the Hornisgrinde, the highest peak of the Northern Black Forest at roughly 1,164 metres, with cirque lakes such as Wildsee, Huzenbacher See and Buhlbachsee, while the northern Hoher Ochsenkopf / Plättig section (about 2,447 ha) follows the upper Schwarzenbach valley through peaks including Hoher Ochsenkopf (1,055 m), Mehliskopf, Badener Höhe and Nägeliskopf, dropping to just under 500 metres at the Schwarzbach-Raumünzach confluence. The Forbach parish of Hundsbach keeps the two areas apart for eventual connection.

Conservation Goal and Wilderness Development

Managed under IUCN category II, the park’s guiding principle is ‘Natur Natur sein lassen’ — to let nature take its course with as little human intervention as possible, allowing spruce, fir and beech forest to gradually return to a near-natural high-mountain state. More than 1,680 square kilometres of core forest are now in deliberate rewilding, and populations of red deer, pine marten, Eurasian lynx, black woodpecker, the rare three-toed woodpecker and the Alpine salamander are slowly recovering. Annual precipitation reaches 2,700 millimetres at maximum and averages around 2,200 millimetres — the highest in Germany outside the Alps.

Visitor Centres and Year-round Programme

At about 900 metres above sea level, the Nationalparkzentrum Ruhestein serves as the main gateway: an interactive permanent exhibition, temporary shows, a small cinema and the ‘Bridge of Wilderness’ observation deck introduce the park. The Nationalparkhaus Herrenwies in the Forbach community covers the northern area with a smaller permanent display focused on the history of people and forest. From 2026 the Jahresprogramm lists more than 300 ranger-led hikes, family events and school programmes, alongside self-guided trails, cycle routes and accessible paths; entry to visitor centres is free, with only the permanent exhibition carrying a small fee.

Governance and Future Extension

Black Forest National Park is run at state level by the Nationalparkverwaltung Schwarzwald, which is subordinate to the Baden-Württemberg Ministry for the Environment, Climate and Energy Sector, and a standing ranger team manages trails and visitor contact. In 2021 environment minister Thekla Walker announced plans to extend the park by joining the two areas and enlarging the core wilderness zone, positioning the park as a key element of Germany’s national park system north of the Alps for decades to come.

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