美国绿斗篷苗圃 Greenmantle Nursery – 专门引种温带地区的古老月季品种和苹果品种

机构概况与历史

绿斗篷苗圃（Greenmantle Nursery）是一家位于美国加利福尼亚州北部洪堡郡（Humboldt County）Ettersburg 山区的小型家族经营苗圃，1983 年首次发布同名《绿斗篷》目录（The Greenmantle Catalog），专门引种与传播温带地区的古老月季品种和老苹果品种。苗圃占地约 32 英亩，海拔 1500 英尺，紧邻国王山脉国家荒野（Kings Range National Wilderness），由 Ram Fishman 与妻子两人共同经营，奉行严格的有机栽培理念，30 余年来坚持以嫁接苗和容器苗的方式向全美邮寄订单客户供应。苗圃目前已不开放零售参观，仅接受预约制和邮购订单。其历史可追溯至 1972 年，Ram Fishman 与家人在 Ettersburg 购置了这块土地，意外继承了约 1895 年栽种的老果园，并由此开启了老品种水果的收集与保护之路。1983 年，夫妇二人正式发布《绿斗篷》第一期目录，序言中写道”献给所有老一辈园丁，愿他们长盛不衰”——这句题词也奠定了苗圃延续至今的精神基调。苗圃的苹果收藏深受 19 世纪末至 20 世纪上半叶美国西海岸果树育种先驱 Albert F. Etter（1872—1950）的影响：Etter 曾在 Ettersburg 经营一座”实验果园”，培育出数十个苹果、樱桃和板栗品种，苗圃系统收集、扩繁并对外供应 Etter 育种体系中可追溯的种质资源。三十余年来，苗圃通过嫁接、扦插与组织保护的方式延续这些”老种子”的活体基因库，并与北美果树探索者协会（NAFEX）、家庭果园协会（HOS）、加州稀有果树种植者协会（CRFG）等组织保持长期交流。

气候条件与有机栽培

绿斗篷苗圃所在的 Ettersburg 拥有典型的地中海式气候——夏季漫长干热、冬季湿冷多雨，全年降水量可达 100 至 150 英寸，是北美最潮湿的园艺气候区之一。夏季日间气温常达 90°F 以上，历史上最高曾记录到 115°F，夜间又骤降至 40°F 上下；冬季则偶尔下雪，极端最低温仅 9°F（1990 年），但绝大多数年份都能满足落叶果树的需冷量。国王山脉阻挡了太平洋海雾的调节作用，使苗圃保持较低相对湿度，显著抑制了火疫病、苹果黑星病和月季黑斑病等真菌病害的发生，这为有机栽培提供了天然便利。自创立之初，苗圃便坚持零化肥、零化学农药的栽培方式，主要依靠堆肥马粪、红蚯蚓堆肥、鱼类与海带粉等天然改良剂培肥土壤。苗圃以一句中文古谚自勉：”最好的肥料是农人的脚步。”

月季与老苹果收藏

苗圃的月季收藏规模约为 400 个品种，涵盖原种月季（Species Roses）、百叶蔷薇（Gallicas）、大马士革（Damasks）、波特兰蔷薇（Portland Damasks）、百叶玫瑰（Centifolias）、苔藓蔷薇（Moss Roses）、波旁月季（Bourbons）、杂交长春月季（Hybrid Perpetuals）、茶香月季（Teas）、诺伊塞特月季（Noisettes）、杂交茶香月季（Hybrid Teas）、多花蔷薇（Polyanthas）、微型月季（Miniatures）、攀缘月季（Climbers）以及各种现代灌木月季。原种月季中尤其重视原产中国西部与中亚的物种，包括黄刺玫（R. hugonis）、报春刺玫（R. primula）、中甸刺玫（R. pteracantha）、陕西蔷薇（R. giraldii）、毛叶蔷薇（R. sericea）等稀有物种，以及格兰维尔蔷薇（R. x richardii）等历史悠久的老栽培种。苹果收藏则以 Etter 体系为核心，包括 20 世纪初由 Etter 选育、却长期散落民间未被命名的’Wickson’、’Crimson Gold’、’Pitmaston Pineapple’等小型香苹果和酿酒苹果；苗圃同时提供 Calville Blanc d’Hiver（1592 年起即有文献记载的法国古老品种）、Ashmead’s Kernel、Reinette Ananas 等欧洲传统品种的嫁接苗，所有果树均以”接穗+砧木”组合方式定制发货。

经营方式与订购流程

苗圃不设对外开放的零售设施，不接待散客到访，所有产品均通过邮购目录方式销售，且近年仅接受苹果品种的嫁接苗（benchgraft）订单，玫瑰订单也已暂停接受押金。客户需在每年 2 月 28 日之前提交订购单，苗圃在冬季完成休眠期枝接（whip-and-tongue 嫁接），次年 1 月至 3 月按客户所在地气候分批寄出裸根嫁接苗，并随附详细的栽培指引。苗圃坚持”为每份订单投入个人关注”的传统服务理念，强调嫁接苗虽较成品树娇弱、需更多栽后照护，但可使客户按自身砧木偏好、品种偏好组合获取稀有老品种，这是大型商业苗圃无法替代的特色。所有苗木以有机方式在 2 加仑容器中户外培育至少一整个生长季后再发货，以确保植株强壮。苗圃位于加州北部 Garberville 镇郊的 Ettersburg 山区，仅以邮购方式对外营业。

官网：https://www.greenmantlenursery.com

Background and History

Greenmantle Nursery is a small family-run nursery located in the Ettersburg hills of Humboldt County, Northern California, founded in 1972 and first publishing its eponymous “Greenmantle Catalog” in 1983. The nursery sits on 32 acres at 1,500 feet elevation adjacent to the Kings Range National Wilderness, and operates entirely by mail order on a strictly organic basis. Run by Ram Fishman and his wife, the nursery maintains a living collection of approximately 400 rose cultivars and dozens of historic apple varieties, and is not open to walk-in retail visitors. Its history dates to 1972, when Ram Fishman and his family purchased the Ettersburg property and unexpectedly inherited a homestead orchard planted around 1895. The discovery of a wealth of old fruit varieties in that orchard sparked a lifelong pursuit of heirloom pomology, formalized in 1983 with the first “Greenmantle Catalog,” whose dedication reads: “To all the Old-timers, Long may they thrive.” The apple collection is deeply shaped by the legacy of Albert F. Etter (1872-1950), a pioneering West Coast fruit breeder whose experimental orchard at Ettersburg produced numerous distinctive apple, cherry, and chestnut cultivars. Greenmantle has spent more than three decades locating, propagating, and distributing Etter-bred and Etter-era varieties, and collaborates with the North American Fruit Explorers (NAFEX), the Home Orchard Society (HOS), and the California Rare Fruit Growers (CRFG).

Climate and Organic Culture

The Ettersburg microclimate is a classic Mediterranean regime: long, hot, dry summers alternating with cool, very wet winters. Annual rainfall commonly reaches 100 inches and in some years exceeds 150 inches, making it one of the wettest horticultural climates in North America. Summer daytime temperatures frequently reach the 90s°F and have peaked at 115°F, while overnight lows drop into the 40s°F; the historic winter low is 9°F, recorded in 1990. The Kings Range blocks the moderating influence of marine fog, keeping relative humidity low and substantially suppressing diseases such as fireblight, apple scab, and rose black spot. Since inception, the nursery has used no chemical fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides, or herbicides, relying instead on composted horse manure, redworm castings, and amendments such as fish and kelp meal to build soil organic matter. The nursery cites a Chinese proverb as its guiding maxim: “The best fertilizer is the footsteps of the farmer.”

Rose and Apple Collections

The rose collection numbers roughly 400 cultivars, encompassing Species Roses, Gallicas, Damasks, Portland Damasks, Centifolias, Mosses, Bourbons, Hybrid Perpetuals, Teas, Noisettes, Hybrid Teas, Polyanthas, Miniatures, Climbers, and modern shrub roses. Notable species holdings include R. hugonis, R. primula, R. pteracantha, R. giraldii, R. sericea, R. omeiensis, and historically significant hybrids such as R. x richardii (the St. Anthony of Padua Rose, also known as R. sancta). The apple collection centers on the Etter legacy and includes ‘Wickson’, ‘Crimson Gold’, ‘Pitmaston Pineapple’, ‘Reinette Ananas’, and the long-documented French heirloom ‘Calville Blanc d’Hiver’ (recorded as early as 1592), alongside other rare European and American old varieties. All trees are custom-grafted to customer-specified rootstocks, propagated by whip-and-tongue bench grafts and grown on organically in 2-gallon containers for a full outdoor season before shipment.

Operations and Ordering

Greenmantle does not maintain a retail facility at the nursery grounds and is unable to accommodate visitors; all sales are mail order. In recent years the nursery has accepted custom benchgraft orders for apple varieties only, with rose sales currently paused. Customers must submit completed order forms before February 28 each year; grafts are made on dormant rootstocks during the winter months and shipped as bare-root whips between January and March, accompanied by detailed aftercare instructions. Although benchgrafts are more fragile than older potted trees, they allow customers to obtain rare heirloom varieties on rootstocks of their own choosing — a service larger commercial nurseries cannot match. All plants are organically grown outdoors in 2-gallon containers for a full growing season prior to shipping. The nursery is located in the rural Ettersburg hills near Garberville in far Northern California and conducts business exclusively by mail.