园史与机构归属
慕尼黑植物园 Botanischer Garten München-Nymphenburg 位于慕尼黑西郊宁芬堡宫旁, 占地 21.2 公顷, 是巴伐利亚州立自然博物收藏系列 SNSB 旗下八家博物馆之一, 与慕尼黑动物学陈列馆、矿物学陈列馆等同属一系。前身是 1812 年在慕尼黑老城 Karlstor 附近由巴伐利亚科学院管理的 5 公顷药用植物园; 1908 年 2 月 12 日, 巴伐利亚邦议会通过迁园决议, 新址选在宁芬堡, 由皇家园林总监理 Peter Holfelder 主持施工、温室技师 Leonhard Dillis 监造、园丁保管 Walter Kupper 负责栽植; 1912 年上梁, 1914 年 5 月 10 日在国王路德维希三世治下正式开园。
园区布局与温室外景
园区由新巴洛克风格的中轴线、阿尔卑斯岩园、树木园三块构成, 北门进园沿迎着夹竹桃和棕榈, 经主道望向中部的白色凉亭。温室建筑群分三大主厅, 沿中轴向两侧延出 11 个独立小温室和绿色厅 (Grüner Saal), 总参观面积 4 500 平方米; 户外展区则分为 Alpinum 高山岩园、Arboretum 树木园、Rhododendronhain 杜鹃谷、Farnschlucht 蕨类沟、Systematische Abteilung 系统园、Schmuckhof 装饰庭院、Hortus Conclusus 封闭式花园等共 16 个分区, 常年由 16 位资深园丁领班分管, 整园常驻员工约 100 人, 配套机修车间负责全园电气、供暖、温室玻璃及围栏系统的维护。
温室与热带专类
温室群按生境分热带湿热、热带凉湿、热带干燥三大主厅和 11 个副室, 馆藏主力是热带天南星科 Araceae 542 种 (含 Philodendron 59 种、Anthurium 123 种)、苦苣苔科 Gesneriaceae 143 种、兰花 (含 Catasetinae 121 种、Masdevallia 175 种、Cymbidium 31 种 + 138 个品种)、凤梨科 Tillandsia 331 种、鹿角蕨 Platycerium 18 种、马达加斯加多肉 169 种、Camellia 山茶 16 种、Platycerium 鹿角蕨、Aloe 芦荟 203 种、Agave 龙舌兰 105 种, 配 Victoriahaus 王莲室展示睡莲科大型水生植物。
阿尔卑斯与高山专类
园内的高山植物活体收藏是欧洲中部的核心收藏: 主园区 Alpinum 建于 1914 年, 由 Karl von Goebel 亲定位置, 至今仍按原貌保留, 与 1901 年由同一人在 Wetterstein 山脉 1 860 米处设立的 Schachen 高山植物园 (Alpengarten am Schachen) 形成内外两圃, 后者 100 余年累计栽培来自阿尔卑斯、喀尔巴阡、高加索、喜马拉雅等山脉的 1 000 多种高山植物。整园系统另设 Flora Chiles 智利、Flora Georgiens 格鲁吉亚 (306 种)、Flora Lesothos 莱索托 (138 种)、Flora ostasiatischer Gebirge 东亚山地 (480 种) 四个地理亚区, 加上稀有品种如 Cyppodium 杓兰属 64 种 + 51 个品种、Paeonia 牡丹 135 个品种、Iris-barbata-Hybriden 高大髯鸢尾 170 个品种。
科研、保护与公众教育
科研团队常驻四位博士 (Andreas Gröger, Simon Pfanzelt, Thibaud Messerschmid, Katharina Bohley) 配合 LMU 慕尼黑大学系统植物学教授, 现任园长 Gudrun Kadereit (2021 年起) 同时担任巴伐利亚植物国立标本馆馆长、LMU 植物系统与演化生物学教席, 研究方向是被子植物系统树 (苋科、桃金娘科、景天科、番杏科、蒺藜科)、C4 与 CAM 光合演化、种子性状演化。保护侧设置 Bavaria 濒危物种 Erhaltungskultur 项目 (Myricaria germanica 德国水柏枝、Dianthus sylvaticus 林石竹、Chimaphila umbellata 伞形梅笠草), 与莱索托 Katse Alpine Botanical Gardens 自 2005 年起互派园丁, 由 Loki Schmidt 基金会资助; 公众侧年访问量 35 万人, 设有 365 日年票制 (48 欧)、当日单次票 (5.5 欧), 冬季户外免费, 全年开放, 仅 12 月 24 日与 31 日闭馆。
History and Institutional Affiliation
The Botanischer Garten München-Nymphenburg is situated next to Schloss Nymphenburg in western Munich, covering 21.2 hectares and belonging to the Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns (SNSB) network of eight public museums. Its precursor was a 5-hectare medicinal plant garden opened in 1812 near Munich’s Karlstor under the Bavarian Academy of Sciences; in 1908 the Bavarian Diet approved relocation to the Nymphenburg site, where royal garden inspector Peter Holfelder supervised construction, Leonhard Dillis designed the greenhouses, and garden curator Walter Kupper handled planting. The new garden was inaugurated on 10 May 1914 under King Ludwig III.
Garden Layout and Outdoor Collections
The garden comprises a neo-baroque main axis, an Alpinum rock garden, and a large arboretum. Three central greenhouse halls open onto 11 smaller houses and the Grüner Saal (Green Hall), totalling some 4,500 m² of public glasshouse space. Outdoor areas are divided into 16 sections including the Alpinum, Arboretum, Rhododendronhain, Farnschlucht, Systematische Abteilung, Schmuckhof, Hortus Conclusus, and a Frühlingsgarten spring garden. About 100 permanent staff are organised under 16 master gardeners, supported by an in-house workshop that maintains the entire technical infrastructure, irrigation systems, locks (currently over 400), and greenhouse glazing.
Greenhouses and Tropical Special Collections
The glasshouse complex is grouped by climate zone: three main halls cover warm-humid tropical, cool-humid tropical mountain forest, and hot dry cactus habitats, branching into 11 side houses. Major research holdings include tropical Araceae (542 species, with Philodendron 59 taxa and Anthurium 123 taxa), Gesneriaceae (143 species), Orchidaceae (Catasetinae 121 species, Masdevallia 175 species, Cymbidium 31 species and 138 historical hybrids), Tillandsia (331 species), Platycerium staghorn ferns (18 species), Madagascan succulents (169 species), Camellia (16 species, 45 cultivars), Aloe (203 species), and Agave (105 species). The Victoriahaus displays giant Victoria water lilies.
Alpine and Mountain Plant Special Collections
The alpine collection is one of the largest in central Europe. The main Alpinum dates from 1914 and was placed by director Karl von Goebel in his original layout, still recognisable today; it works alongside the Alpengarten am Schachen, founded by the same director in 1901 at 1,860 m in the Wetterstein massif, which has cultivated more than 1,000 high-mountain species from the Alps, Carpathians, Caucasus, and Himalaya for over a century. Four geographic sub-collections (Flora Chiles 98 species, Flora Georgiens 306 species, Flora Lesothos 138 species, Flora ostasiatischer Gebirge 480 species) are grown in both the Munich Alpinum and at Schachen. Rare taxa include Cypripedium (64 species and 51 hybrids), Paeonia (135 cultivars), and Iris-barbata hybrids (170 cultivars).
Research, Conservation, and Public Education
A team of four resident scientists (Dr. Andreas Gröger, Dr. Simon Pfanzelt, Dr. Thibaud Messerschmid, Dr. Katharina Bohley) works alongside LMU Munich systematic botany professors. Director Gudrun Kadereit, appointed in 2021, also heads the Bavarian State Herbarium and holds the Princess Therese of Bavaria Chair in Plant Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution at LMU, with research on angiosperm phylogenetics (Amaranthaceae, Melastomataceae, Crassulaceae, Aizoaceae, Zygophyllaceae), C4 and CAM photosynthesis evolution, and seed trait evolution. The conservation programme maintains safeguard cultures for endangered Bavarian species including Myricaria germanica, Dianthus sylvaticus, and Chimaphila umbellata; a gardener exchange with Lesotho’s Katse Alpine Botanical Gardens has run since 2005 with support from the Loki Schmidt Stiftung. The garden receives about 350,000 visitors per year, offers an annual pass (€48) and day ticket (€5.50), remains open every day except 24 and 31 December, and provides free outdoor entry in winter.
发表回复