德国 科隆植物园 Die Flora – 山茶花收藏具国际声誉

德国 科隆植物园 Die Flora, der Botanische Garten Köln

历史沿革与建园背景

科隆植物园 (Botanischer Garten Köln) 位于德国北莱茵-威斯特法伦州科隆市, 园区分园林部分「Die Flora」与学术部分「Botanischer Garten」两块, 二者前后相隔 50 年落成。「Die Flora」于 1864 年 8 月 14 日由市民投资组成的 Flora 股份公司开幕, 「Botanischer Garten」则在 1914 年 5 月 30 日揭幕。奠基委员会由科隆银行家爱德华·奥本海姆 (Eduard Oppenheim) 牵头, 1862 年 9 月 5 日由 12 位市民代表正式组建公司, 初始股本 10 万塔勒, 普鲁士王后奥古斯塔于 1863 年 5 月 18 日亲笔覆信担任植物园保护人。

园区格局与景观分区

园区沿 19 世纪园林设计师彼得·约瑟夫·勒内 (Peter Joseph Lenné) 的造园传统布局, 分为装饰园林与植物学园两大主体, 外围辅以法国式花坛 (Französisches Parterre)、棕榈温室、沙漠温室、亚热带温室、热带温室及地中海植物展示区。法国式花坛每年种植近 30,000 株夏季花卉与 50,000 株郁金香球根, 春季花期与夏季花期各有侧重; 棕榈温室栽培约 140 株 100 种棕榈, 沙漠温室汇集全球约 1,700 种仙人掌中的 1,100 种。

植物收藏与特色展品

山茶花收藏是园中最具国际声誉的专类: 自 2012 年起被国际山茶花协会评为「International Camellia Society Garden of Excellence」, 是全球 40 座入选花园之一, 也是德国唯一获此称号的园区, 每年 1 月底至 4 月中旬的山茶花展期吸引科隆及周边约 70,000 名游客与专业人士到访。园区栽培山茶花约 650 个品种与 50 余野生种, 通过本地育种形成「德国品种」系列。沙漠温室栽培约 1,100 种仙人掌 (全球约 1,700 种), 另收藏约 125 种芦荟属 (已知约 500 种) 与 900 种其他多肉植物, 包括有 300 年树龄的非洲苏铁 (Encephalartos altensteinii)。

教育研究与对外活动

园区承担科隆大学植物学相关教学与科研实习功能, 设有「绿校」(Grüne Schule Flora) 自然教育项目, 面向学校与家庭开展分龄活动。公众讲解方面提供周日公益讲解 (成人 7 欧元, 学生与儿童 4 欧元) 与儿童主题活动 (90 分钟, 上限 12 人), 内容涵盖「恐龙植物」「草地的秘密世界」「马达加斯加的研究人员」等多个主题。园区还承办国际园艺展与多场特展, 例如 1865 年首届国际园艺展汇集 14 国参展商。

开放时间与无障碍设施

园区全年开放, 4 月至 5 月与 8 月至 9 月每日 8:00 – 20:00; 6 月至 7 月延长至 21:00; 10 月至次年 3 月为 8:00 – 17:00。热带温室、沙漠温室与亚热带温室每日 10:00 – 18:00 开放。交通方面可乘城市轨道交通 18 路 (Zoo/Flora 站) 或 16 路 (Kinderkrankenhaus 站) 及公交 140 路抵达。园区入口为平地面, 门宽大于 90 厘米, 配有无障碍停车位与无障碍卫生间, 轮椅可通行。


Founding & Background

Cologne’s Botanischer Garten Köln sits in North Rhine-Westphalia and combines two halves fifty years apart: the ornamental park Die Flora, inaugurated on 14 August 1864, and the academic Botanischer Garten, opened on 30 May 1914. The founding committee, led by Cologne banker Eduard Oppenheim, was formed on 5 September 1862 by twelve prominent citizens with initial capital of 100,000 Taler. Prussian Queen Augusta accepted the patronage on 18 May 1863 with a formal letter to the board.

Layout & Garden Sections

The grounds follow the 19th-century design tradition of Peter Joseph Lenné and are divided into an ornamental park and a botanical garden, surrounded by the Französisches Parterre, palm house, desert house, subtropical house, tropical house and Mediterranean beds. The French parterre is replanted each year with about 30,000 summer flowers and 50,000 tulip bulbs. The palm house holds roughly 140 specimens across 100 species, and the desert house cultivates about 1,100 of the world’s approximately 1,700 cactus species.

Plant Collections & Signature Displays

The camellia collection is the garden’s most internationally recognised feature. Since 2012 it has been designated an International Camellia Society Garden of Excellence — one of only 40 such gardens worldwide and the only one in Germany. The annual camellia display, from late January to mid-April, draws around 70,000 visitors and specialists each season. The collection includes about 650 cultivars and 50 wild species, with a separate “German cultivars” series developed locally. The desert house also holds about 125 of the roughly 500 known Aloe species, around 900 other succulents, and a 300-year-old specimen of Encephalartos altensteinii.

Education, Research & Public Programs

The garden supports botanical teaching and research for the University of Cologne and runs the Grüne Schule Flora nature education programme for schools and families. Public guided walks take place on Sundays (€7 adults, €4 students and children), and themed children’s events run for about 90 minutes with up to 12 participants. Topics include “dinosaur plants”, “the secret world of meadows” and “Madagascar researchers”. The garden also hosted the first international horticultural exhibition in 1865 with exhibitors from 14 countries.

Opening Hours & Accessibility

The garden is open year-round: 8:00 – 20:00 from April to May and August to September; until 21:00 in June and July; and 8:00 – 17:00 from October to March. The tropical, desert and subtropical houses open daily 10:00 – 18:00. Public transport includes Stadtbahn line 18 (Zoo/Flora stop), line 16 (Kinderkrankenhaus stop) and bus 140. The entrance is level with a maximum 3 cm threshold, gates wider than 90 cm, designated accessible parking spaces and accessible toilets; wheelchair access is provided throughout.

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