荷兰 Esveld 植物园 Plantentuin Esveld – 欧洲最大槭属收藏家族苗圃

历史由来与 Esveld 家族

Esveld 植物园（Plantentuin Esveld）是荷兰南荷兰省 Boskoop 的一家家族苗圃，由 Cor Esveld 在 1865 年创立，至今仍由 Esveld 家族经营，现任主理人为第五代传人 Bas Esveld。苗圃的核心是一棵 1860 年代由 Cor Esveld 栽种的 Acer shirasawanum ‘Aureum’，这棵树原本是 19 世纪德国植物学家 Philipp von Siebold 从日本寄往欧洲时走错的一批苗木之一，被 Cor Esveld 救下后种在了苗圃里，如今仍是苗圃的镇园之树。Esveld 植物园从 1960 年代开始系统收集槭属植物，1970 年前后正式建立了 Esveld 槭树园，并逐渐发展成如今世界上规模最大的槭属活体收藏。

Boskoop 园艺区与产业地位

Boskoop 是南荷兰省的一个小镇，地处所谓「绿色心脏」地带，以园艺苗圃闻名于世。据 1976 年的统计，Boskoop 约有 1000 家苗圃，总面积 900 公顷；现在虽然苗圃数量有所减少，但镇上仍有数百家苗圃在窄长的地块上经营，配合密布的运河水道运输苗木。这片苗圃区被称作「世界上最大的连片花卉园艺区」，Esveld 植物园就坐落在 Boskoop 的 Rijneveld 街上，与镇上其他苗圃共享这一片泥炭质土壤。这里地下水位高、土壤偏酸，特别适合杜鹃、欧石南、槭树等酸性土植物生长。

Esveld 槭树园与国家植物收藏

Esveld 槭树园面积约 1 公顷，分成「老园」和「新园」两部分，老园建于 1970 年，新园从 1990 年开始扩建以容纳更多品种。除了超过 1000 个不同的槭属种与品种，Esveld 植物园还同时负责荷兰 12 项国家植物收藏（Dutch Plant Collections），涵盖绣球（Hydrangea）、黄杨（Buxus）、茶花（Camellia）、马醉木（Pieris）、忍冬（Lonicera）、吊钟花（Enkianthus）、冬青（Ilex）、六道木（Abelia）、野扇花（Sarcococca）、桂花（Osmanthus）和日本杜鹃（Japanese Azalea）等。这些收藏由荷兰皇家 Boskoop 园艺学会（Koninklijke Vereniging voor Boskoopse Cultuur）统筹，是欧洲重要的活体植物基因库。

苗圃经营范围与网上商店

Esveld 植物园在 Boskoop 当地种植上千种特殊园艺植物，参观者可以直接到苗圃内的植物中心和花园中心选购。除自营品种外，Esveld 还在网上商店汇集了数十家专业种植者的货源，提供一万多种植物供国内外爱好者选购。除常见的木本植物与多年生植物外，苗圃还销售杜鹃与高山杜鹃、攀缘植物、针叶树、观赏草、蕨类、竹子、球茎花卉和各类花园用品，并能为其他植物园和花园布置提供配套支持。Esveld 家族成员撰写的《Maples of the World》（1993 年）和《Maples for Gardens》（1999 年）两本槭树专著是这一领域被引用最多的工具书。

参观信息与园林讲座

Esveld 植物园全年对公众开放，免费参观十二项国家植物收藏，参观者既能沿着槭树园的小径漫步，也能参加苗圃举办的园林设计讲座、种植工作坊和专题活动。苗圃传统上欢迎私人园艺爱好者与园艺业同行两类访客，工作人员会根据访客需求给出种植搭配、品种选择和花园规划方面的建议。Boskoop 镇上还有苗圃博物馆（Nursery Museum）展示这一地区从果树栽培向观赏园艺转变的历史，春天到秋天可以乘船穿行运河，沿途看苗圃与自然区。

History and the Esveld Family

Plantentuin Esveld is a family nursery in Boskoop, South Holland, the Netherlands, founded by Cor Esveld in 1865 and still run by the Esveld family today. The current owner is the fifth-generation gardener Bas Esveld. The heart of the nursery is a single Acer shirasawanum ‘Aureum’, planted by Cor Esveld in the 1860s after he rescued it from a misdirected shipment of plants sent from Japan by the 19th-century German botanist Philipp von Siebold. The tree is now the oldest specimen in the garden and still anchors the collection. Systematic collecting of maples began in the 1960s; around 1970 the maple garden was given the name Esveld Aceretum, and it has since grown into the largest living collection of maples anywhere in the world.

Boskoop Horticultural Area

Boskoop is a small town in the province of South Holland, in the middle of the Green Heart of Holland. In 1976 there were around 1000 nurseries here covering some 900 hectares, and although the number has fallen the strip-fields and narrow canals that shape the area remain. Boskoop is still considered the largest contiguous horticultural area in the world, and Plantentuin Esveld sits on Rijneveld in the middle of it. The peat-rich, slightly acidic soil and the high water table are particularly suited to rhododendrons, heathers, maples and other ericaceous plants.

Esveld Aceretum and Dutch Plant Collections

The Esveld Aceretum covers about one hectare and is divided into an old section, planted from 1970 onwards, and a newer section opened in 1990 to make room for additional cultivars. Apart from the more than 1000 different species and cultivars of Acer, Plantentuin Esveld also hosts twelve Dutch Plant Collections, covering Hydrangea, Buxus, Camellia, climbing Lonicera, Pieris, Enkianthus, Ilex, Abelia, Sarcococca, Osmanthus and Japanese Azalea. These collections are coordinated by the Royal Boskoop Horticultural Society (Koninklijke Vereniging voor Boskoopse Cultuur) and are open to visitors free of charge during business hours.

Nursery Operations and Online Shop

Plantentuin Esveld grows thousands of unusual garden plants on site and visitors can buy directly from the nursery’s plant centre and garden centre. Through its webshop the nursery also supplies more than ten thousand different plants sourced from dozens of specialist growers, making it one of the widest plant ranges in the country. Apart from woody plants and perennials, the catalogue covers rhododendrons and azaleas, climbers, conifers, ornamental grasses, ferns, bamboos, bulbs and garden sundries, and the nursery also supports public gardens and landscape planting projects. Two books written by the Esveld family, Maples of the World (1993) and Maples for Gardens (1999), remain standard references on the genus.

Visitor Information and Workshops

Plantentuin Esveld is open to the public year round and the twelve Dutch Plant Collections can be visited free of charge during business hours. Visitors can walk the paths of the Aceretum, talk to staff about planting combinations and garden design, or take part in lectures, workshops and special events held on site. The nursery welcomes both private gardeners and trade visitors. In the town itself, the Nursery Museum in an old 1870 nursery house tells the wider story of how Boskoop moved from fruit culture to ornamental horticulture, and from spring to autumn boat trips along the canals pass rows of working nurseries and nature areas.

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