荷兰 Utrecht大学植物园 – 荷兰规模最大的学术性植物园.

历史沿革与园区基础

Botanische Tuinen Universiteit Utrecht 坐落于乌得勒支大学城 (Utrecht Science Park), 主体建于 19 世纪霍夫迪克堡 (Fort Hoofddijk) 旧址之上. 该堡原属新荷兰水防线 (Nieuwe Hollandse Waterlinie), 后被列入联合国教科文组织世界遗产名录, 自 1963 年起改建为植物园基地. 园区占地约 10 公顷, 拥有活体植物逾 1 万种, 是荷兰境内规模最大的学术性植物园. 园内按系统演化与地理分布划分为多个专类园区, 包括位于主入口处的岩石园、展现植物 9 亿年演化进程的演化园、北美温带森林样地的北美林地园、以及温室 (包括热带温室和蝴蝶温室) 等.

园区专类与特色收藏

园方在荷兰国家植物收藏基金会 (Stichting Nationale Plantencollecties, SNP) 注册有 14 项国家认证收藏, 是荷兰参与该体系的核心机构之一. 主要专类涵盖欧洲、美洲和亚洲山地的多种岩生植物, 来自苏里南、法属圭亚那和圭亚那等南美圭亚那地区的亚热带物种, 约 40 种天南星科 Arisaema 属 (荷兰俗称 Cobralelie), 附生型仙人掌科 (Cactaceae), 新热带兰科 (Orchidaceae), 淫羊藿属 (Epimedium) 和鬼臼属 (Podophyllum) 等小檗科植物, 以及大部分已命名的延龄草属 (Trillium) 物种. 收藏重点方向为南北美洲温带植物.

教学实践与科研项目

植物园与乌得勒支大学生物系在教学上深度融合. 为本科生开设生物多样性与植物演化实习课程, 学生在这里学习物种、属、科的识别, 以及把化石’翻译’为现代植物类群的方法. 园方同时支持地球科学、药学等多个院系的现场教学与本硕论文项目, 充当活体实验室 (living lab) 角色. 在科研方面, 园内设有定量生物多样性动态研究组 (Quantitative Biodiversity Dynamics, QBD), 重点研究生物多样性与生态系统服务. 园内长期开展的研究项目包括: BioCliVE 气候多样性模拟实验 (352 个 1000 升容器模拟天然草地)、雪滴花 (Galanthus) 活体收集、霍夫迪克堡内的地磁场长期监测, 以及对受威胁泥炭栖息地 (vennen) 修复的长期跟踪.

学术合作与国际网络

园方是荷兰植物园协会 (NVBT) 的成员, 注册为荷兰博物馆体系下的正式博物馆, 持荷兰博物馆卡 (Museumkaart) 适用. 同时加入国际植物园保护联盟 (Botanic Gardens Conservation International, BGCI), 与其他注册植物园开展大规模种子和植物材料交换. 园区与乌得勒支大学博物馆 (UMU) 和乌得勒支 Sonnenborgh 博物馆与天文台保持密切合作; 持 Vriendenpas 的朋友可免费参观 UMU. 此外, 园方是乌得勒支大学内多个学院的科研与教学伙伴.

公众活动与志愿者体系

植物园从早春到秋季每日向公众开放, 35 欧元的年票可全年通行, 朋友会 (Vrienden) 制度吸引着长期支持者. 现场活动包括面向大众的导览、儿童项目、户外展览、培训班和团体参观; 园区内设有 Fortzicht 餐厅、Katsura 咖啡馆和植物学纪念品商店 (Botanica en winkel). 园区运营由 40 多名全职员工和 100 多名志愿者共同支撑, 后者在售票、商店、导览、园务和高峰日的展厅服务等多个岗位贡献力量. 年报 (Jaarmagazine) 自 2021 年起逐年发布, 2026 年的年度主题是「Uitvliegers en aanwaaiers」(翱翔与漂泊的物种).

Historical Evolution and the Garden Estate

The Botanische Tuinen Universiteit Utrecht occupies the 19th-century Fort Hoofddijk, a component of the Nieuwe Hollandse Waterlinie and a designated UNESCO World Heritage Site, within the Utrecht Science Park. Since 1963 the disused fort has served as the botanical garden, now covering about ten hectares and holding more than ten thousand living plant species, making it the largest academic botanical garden in the Netherlands. The grounds are divided into thematic sections aligned with plant evolution and biogeography, including the rock garden at the main entrance, the new Evolution Garden tracing nine hundred million years of plant evolution, the North-American Woodland Garden, and the tropical glasshouses and butterfly house.

Specialist Collections and National Holdings

The garden registers fourteen nationally recognised collections with the Stichting Nationale Plantencollecties (SNP), making it one of the largest contributors to the Dutch national plant collection scheme. Holdings include rock-garden plants from European, American and Asian mountain ranges, sub-tropical species from the Guianas of South America, around forty species of Arisaema, epiphytic Cactaceae, neotropical Orchidaceae, Epimedium and Podophyllum of the Berberidaceae, and a substantial share of the world’s known Trillium species. The wider collection is oriented towards the temperate floras of the Americas, with the North-American Woodland Garden offering the most representative example.

Teaching Practice and Active Research Programmes

The garden is integrated with undergraduate teaching at Utrecht University’s Department of Biology, providing plant material for biodiversity and evolution practicals where students learn to identify species, genera and families, and to translate fossil lineages into their modern counterparts. It also hosts living-lab projects for the departments of Earth Sciences and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and supports both bachelor and master theses. Research is led by the Quantitative Biodiversity Dynamics (QBD) group, with long-running projects including the BioCliVE climate-and-biodiversity experiment (three hundred and fifty-two thousand-litre containers of river-meadow soil), the Galanthus snowdrop collection, geomagnetic measurements inside Fort Hoofddijk’s former gunpowder magazines, and restoration trials on threatened Dutch peatland habitats.

Academic Partners and International Networks

The Botanische Tuinen is a member of the Nederlandse Vereniging van Botanische Tuinen (NVBT) and is a registered museum affiliated with the Stichting Museumkaart and the Nederlandse Museumvereniging. At the international level it participates in Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) and exchanges seed and plant material with other accredited gardens. Local partners include the Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht (UMU) and Museum en Sterrenwacht Sonnenborgh; holders of the Vriendenpass may visit UMU free of charge. The garden also serves as a research and teaching partner for several faculties within Utrecht University.

Public Programmes and the Volunteer Corps

The garden is open daily from early spring through autumn, with an annual Friends-of-the-Garden pass available for thirty-five euros. Public programmes include themed guided walks, children’s activities, outdoor exhibitions, courses and group visits; on-site facilities include restaurant Fortzicht, café Katsura and the Botanica shop. Operations are carried out by more than forty staff and over one hundred volunteers who assist at the ticket desk, the shop, as guides, in garden maintenance and as invigilators on busy days. The annual yearbook (Jaarmagazine) is published yearly, with the 2026 edition themed ‘Uitvliegers en aanwaaiers’ — flying out and drifting in.

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