英国 马伍德山花园 Marwood Hill Gardens – 国家收藏造景花园

机构概况

马伍德山花园 Marwood Hill Gardens 坐落在英国英格兰西南端北德文郡一处隐蔽的山谷之中,距离巴恩斯特布尔 Barnstaple 大约 4 英里.整个庄园占地约二十英亩,溪水自上而下穿过园地,经三处筑坝形成三个湖泊,沿湖与沿溪布置多年生花草、灌木与树木收藏.园中现由 Dr Jimmy Smart 的外甥 John Snowdon 一家持有并对公众开放,仍属私人花园,并非信托或注册慈善机构.

历史沿革

1949 年,曾在战时 HMS Hermes 战舰上担任船医并获 MBE 勋章的 Jimmy Smart 携家人搬到 Marwood Hill,买下时整片土地不到 2 英亩,只有一片前院草坪、围墙菜园和零星老树.1950 年代后期,Smart 开始在谷地中大规模植树、引种;1960 年代先后筑起两道水坝形成上湖与中湖;1972 年从全科诊所退休后,他又买下中湖下游的十二英亩,马伍德山花园由此扩为今天看到的二十英亩规模,Malcolm Pharoah 也于同年从皇家园艺学会 Wisley 花园加入成为首席园丁.1982 年最下方的第三座湖泊落成,1986 年园尾的绣球花架与石上小天使装饰落成,1987 年获得国家植物收藏 Astilbe 认证,2002 年 Smart 去世,庄园由外甥 John Snowdon 继承,2004 年获国际山茶花学会 ICS Camellia Garden of Excellence 奖.

花园格局与特色

园内主要分为三段:中湖与上湖之间是核心湖区,环湖遍植玉簪、鸢尾、报春与七叶树等耐湿花木,沿溪则有二十二株被英国树木学会登记在册的冠军树,包括 Betula celtiberica、Eucalyptus approximans subsp approximans、Quercus x hispanica ‘Wageningen’ 等稀有树种;中湖与下湖之间是沼泽花园 Bog Garden,五月起报春与鸢尾接力开花,六至九月是 Astilbe 浅粉雾状花序的高潮;围墙菜园 Walled Garden 内有大温室培育山茶花,约五百个山茶花品种,以及景天、百合、鸢尾、灌木与小苗床的对外销售区.园子被 Devon Gardens Trust 列入地方遗产名录,北德文郡独特的大西洋湿润气候使这里成为收集喜湿植物的天然温床.

国家植物收藏与山茶花

花园与英国植物遗产组织 Plant Heritage (前身 N.C.C.P.G.) 合作,维护四处国家植物收藏,分别是 1987 年获认证的落新妇 Astilbe 收藏 (约一百四十个品种)、1991 年获认证的紫娇花 Tulbaghia 收藏、2019 年新建玻璃温室展示的日本鸢尾 Iris Ensata 收藏,以及建园 70 年来 Smart 与 Pharoah 培育、选育、被引种到园中的马伍德山自留品种 Marwood Hill Garden Heritage Collection.山茶花方面,1960 年代 Smart 多次远赴美国、澳大利亚、新西兰考察带回大批品种与种子,如今仅大温室内就栽培约五百种,代表性的有 ‘Mouchang’、’Mandalay Queen’、’Lila Naff’、’Harold Paige’、’Fire Falls’ 等.

现状与运营

马伍德山花园每年 3 月 4 日至 10 月 31 日对公众开放,周三至周日 10:00–16:30,10 月缩短为 11:00–15:00 且苗圃周日闭店,周一、周二闭园.门票成人 12 英镑,优惠票 10.5 英镑,11 岁以下儿童免费.围墙苗圃 Walled Garden Nursery 提供线上下单,将园中繁育的稀有山茶、玉兰、Astilbe 等品种销往英国海内外.2005 年由 Smart 旧居起居室改建的茶室 Garden Tea Room 供应德文郡传统英式下午茶,所有盈利反哺花园维护.

Overview

Marwood Hill Gardens is a roughly 20 acre private garden set in a steep wooded valley in North Devon, England, about four miles from Barnstaple. Created by Dr Jimmy Smart VMH in the late 1950s, the garden is laid out around a stream that has been dammed in three places to form three interlinked lakes, with collections of herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees from many parts of the world. The garden remains privately owned by Smart’s nephew John Snowdon and is run as a private garden open to the public, not as a trust or a registered charity.

History

When Jimmy Smart bought Marwood Hill in 1949, the property consisted of a Georgian house, a walled garden across the road and a neglected lawn of less than two acres. After settling into his general practice in North Devon, he began planting the valley in the late 1950s, dammed the stream to create the upper and middle lakes in the 1960s, and in 1972 retired from medicine, bought a further 12 acres downstream and was joined by Malcolm Pharoah from RHS Wisley as head gardener. The lower third lake was made in 1982, the scented arbour and folly added in 1986, the National Collection of Astilbes recognised in 1987 and the International Camellia Society Garden of Excellence award received in 2004. Smart died in May 2002 and the garden passed to his nephew John Snowdon, whose family continues to run it on the basis of admission, plant sales and the tea room.

Garden Layout and Features

The valley is divided by three lakes. Around the middle lake and the adjoining stream grow collections of Astilbe, Iris, Hosta, Rodgersia and Primula in moisture-retentive clay, while the lower bog garden carries the season from late spring primulas and Iris ensata into the summer Astilbe display. Higher up the slope, twenty two trees in the garden have been measured and recorded as Champion Trees of Britain and Ireland, including Eucalyptus approximans subsp approximans, Betula celtiberica, Quercus x hispanica ‘Wageningen’ and Magnolia sprengeri ‘Marwood Spring’, a seedling raised at Marwood. The walled garden across the lane houses the large Camellia glasshouse with around five hundred cultivars, the working nursery and plant sales area.

National Collections and Camellias

Four National Plant Collections are held in association with Plant Heritage (formerly the National Council for the Conservation of Plants and Gardens): Astilbe, recognised in 1987 and now comprising some 140 different kinds in the bog garden; Tulbaghia, recognised in 1991 and given a dedicated glasshouse in 2019; Iris ensata, the Japanese water iris that thrives around the lakes; and the Marwood Hill Garden Heritage Collection, a newer stock of cultivars and forms selected, raised or gifted to the garden over seven decades. The Camellia collection, for which the garden received the ICS Garden of Excellence in 2004, was begun from cuttings and seed brought back by Smart from his trips to the United States, Australia and New Zealand in the 1960s and 1970s, and now includes about five hundred cultivars, with notable specimens such as ‘Mouchang’, ‘Mandalay Queen’, ‘Lila Naff’, ‘Harold Paige’ and ‘Fire Falls’.

Status and Operations

Marwood Hill Gardens is open to visitors from 4 March to 31 October each year, Wednesday to Sunday from 10:00 to 16:30 (in October from 11:00 to 15:00 and with plant sales closed on Sundays), and is closed on Mondays and Tuesdays including bank holidays. Admission is £12 for adults, £10.50 for concessions and free for children under 11. The walled garden nursery offers an online plant shop shipping unusual Camellias, Magnolias, Astilbes and other garden plants raised on site, and the Garden Tea Room, opened in 2005 in Smart’s former living room, serves traditional Devon cream teas with all profits going back into garden maintenance.

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