苏格兰 德拉姆兰里格城堡花园 Drumlanrig Castle Gardens – 苏格兰国家级造景园林遗产

机构概况

Drumlanrig Castle Gardens（德拉姆兰里格城堡花园）位于苏格兰南部 Dumfries and Galloway 的 Thornhill 一带，坐落于 Queensberry Estate（昆斯伯里庄园）之内，紧邻 1679 至 1689 年间以粉色砂岩建造的德拉姆兰里格城堡。整个庄园是 Buccleuch 公爵一脉（Buccleuch and Queensberry）的祖居所在，现由第十代公爵 Richard Scott 一族持有；花园占地约四十英亩，与城堡一起被列入苏格兰国家级 Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes（编号 GDL00143，1987 年 6 月 30 日登录）。

历史沿革

花园的历史与城堡几乎是同步写下的。第一代 Queensberry 公爵 William Douglas 在建造新堡的同时，于 1675 至 1697 年间由建筑师 Sir William Bruce 主持，圈起围墙、设立六座带铅制葱形顶的石亭，并在园中布置了带”clanging clock”的水景。第三代公爵在 1714 至 1747 年间聘用了园艺师 David Low，1738 年由他定型了今天仍能辨认的阶梯、台地与叠瀑骨架；那段日子还出现了据信是英国最早的保龄球场之一。第四代公爵后花园一度疏于维护，到 1810 年左右正式决定拆除台地花圃。Walter Francis Montagu Douglas Scott 第五代公爵（1819 年继承）花了六十五年重整城堡与园林，让这片地重新跻身英国最出色的”造景园林”之列。十九世纪是花园的全盛期，最多时雇有三十名全职园丁；二战前后大多花坛被改铺为草坪。直到 1978 年，现任公爵的祖母 Jane 公爵夫人依档案中 1738 年的图样重修了东侧花圃（East Parterre），九十年代起又陆续修复维多利亚岩石园、Heather House、玻璃温室等设施，保育工作一直延续至今。

花园格局与特色

如今游客看到的 Drumlanrig Castle Gardens 是一座以维多利亚式为底、混合现代种植设计的四十英亩造景园林。园内分为 Duchess’ Garden、Rock Garden、Woodland Garden、Rose Garden 等几大区块，入门就能见到 183 米长的 Long Terrace Walk——一条两侧立着石栏杆的步道，因栏杆边能栽种娇贵的攀缘植物而闻名。两侧被修复的维多利亚玻璃温室和四座 Heather House（石楠小屋）都是苏格兰同类建筑里少见的实物；其中的 Heather House 2003 年修复，用落叶松、白桦和榛木这些枝条材料编织成拱，内部镶着家族纹章和石楠花绣的护板。从石阶向下能望见一座十八世纪的叠瀑遗址，再远处是 2005 年清理复原的维多利亚岩石园，里面种着大片的绿绒蒿（Meconopsis）和阿塞利亚、杜鹃等迟暮花。沿小径再往林地里走，分布着杜鹃和落叶松的小群落；园中现有超过五百个品种的杜鹃与阿塞利亚，部分种子来自二十多年前采集于喜马拉雅山一带的远征收藏。

现状与运营

现在的花园团队以首席园丁 Robbie Black 为首，共四名全职园丁——比起鼎盛期三十人的阵容，今天的”四园丁守四十英亩”是访客在导览里反复听园丁说起的一句口头禅。Robbie Black 在园中已服务二十五年以上，亲手主导了沼泽园、林地园和岩石园的恢复工作，并常年从世界各地引入新植物补种。花园每年 2 月 28 日至 10 月 31 日对公众开放，每日 9:30 至 16:30；门票涵盖花园、探险乐园与停车场，成人八英镑、儿童六英镑、五岁以下儿童免费；持 Historic Houses 和 ASVA 会员卡的访客也可凭卡入园。城堡本身则只在复活节、五一、仲夏前后以及七八月每周五至周一这几个有限时段开放内部导览。

关联与延伸

Drumlanrig 是 Buccleuch 家族名下三处可参观庄园中的一处，其他两处分别是位于 Borders 的 Bowhill House 和位于 Midlothian 的 Dalkeith Country Park，三处共享同一家族纹章——带翼之心（the Buccleuch winged heart）。Drumlanrig 园中的收藏仅是 Buccleuch Collection 的一部分；城堡内的藏品中包括 Rembrandt 的《An Old Woman Reading》和 Leonardo da Vinci 的《Madonna of the Yarnwinder》（后者曾于 2003 年被盗，2007 年在格拉斯哥被追回，目前借展于苏格兰国立美术馆）。城堡与花园曾出现在电视剧《Outlander》与《The Buccaneers》之中。

Overview

Drumlanrig Castle Gardens sit on the Queensberry Estate near Thornhill in Dumfries and Galloway, southern Scotland, alongside the late 17th-century pink sandstone castle built between 1679 and 1689. The estate is the Dumfriesshire seat of the Dukes of Buccleuch and Queensberry; the current holder is the 10th Duke, Richard Scott. The 40-acre gardens, together with the castle, were added to Scotland’s national Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes on 30 June 1987 under reference GDL00143.

History

The gardens were laid out in step with the new castle. Between 1675 and 1697 the 1st Duke of Queensberry, William Douglas, commissioned the architect Sir William Bruce to enclose the grounds with stone walls and erect six stone pavilions with lead ogee roofs, also installing water features including a “clanging clock”. Under the 3rd Duke, head gardener David Low (served 1714–1747) fixed the framework of terraces, banks and cascades still legible today in 1738; the same period produced one of the earliest known bowling greens in Britain. After years of neglect, a decision around 1810 removed the formal parterres; Walter Francis Montagu Douglas Scott, the 5th Duke (succeeded 1819), then spent sixty-five years restoring both castle and grounds. The 19th century was the gardens’ high point — at peak as many as thirty full-time gardeners were employed — but most parterres were grassed over around the Second World War. The 9th Duke’s wife Jane, Duchess of Buccleuch, replanted the East Parterre to a 1738 scroll pattern in 1978; the Heather House was restored in 2003 and the Victorian Rock Garden in 2005, and conservation work continues to this day.

Garden Layout and Features

Today’s 40 acres blend a Victorian framework with modern planting design. The garden is organised into several areas — Duchess’ Garden, Rock Garden, Woodland Garden and Rose Garden — and the visitor enters along the 183-metre Long Terrace Walk, a stone-balustraded promenade famous for the tender climbers grown along its wall. Two restored Victorian glasshouses and four Heather Houses survive; the Heather House rebuilt in 2003 is constructed from rustic timbers of larch, silver birch and hazel, with panels showing the family crest and heather. From the terraces one looks down to the remains of an 18th-century cascade; below lies the 2005-cleared Victorian Rock Garden planted with Meconopsis species, plus collections of azaleas and rhododendrons. The garden holds more than 500 rhododendron and azalea varieties, with parent seed gathered over twenty years ago from sites including the Himalayas.

Status and Operations

Today’s garden team numbers just four full-time gardeners under head gardener Robbie Black, who has worked the gardens for over twenty-five years and led the creation of the bog garden, woodland garden and the restoration of the rock garden, while continuing to source new plants from around the world. The gardens are open daily from 28 February to 31 October, 09:30 to 16:30; admission covers the gardens, adventure playground and car parking (adults £8, children £6, under-5s free), with free entry for Historic Houses and ASVA members. The castle itself opens for visitors only on a handful of windows around Easter, May Day, late May and weekends through July and August.

Related

Drumlanrig is one of three visitor estates held by the Buccleuch family, alongside Bowhill House in the Scottish Borders and Dalkeith Country Park in Midlothian; all three share the family’s winged-heart emblem (the Buccleuch winged heart). The gardens hold only part of the Buccleuch Collection — the castle houses Rembrandt’s An Old Woman Reading and Leonardo da Vinci’s Madonna of the Yarnwinder (stolen in 2003 and recovered in Glasgow in 2007; currently on loan to the Scottish National Gallery). The castle and gardens have appeared in the television series Outlander and The Buccaneers.

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